The Contract Between Chinese Teacher and Foreign Teacher

When I search on the Internet, there are a lot of news comes to my eyes; among them many of the news are about the Chinese education system or even the teachers. Around us, we always heard a lot of different comments of the Chinese teacher, and some of people like to make comparison between the Chinese and foreigner teachers. Now I am a student in the cooperated school, I have experienced the foreign teaching style, and learned from some teachers from America, I found there are really many differences between the Chinese teacher and the foreign teachers. To contract those teachers who come from China and abroad, I will describe on three aspects: what is the teaching style of them, how the attitude to the students and the last one is how they care about their students. The first difference is about the teaching style. That is also the biggest one in my mind, one is like a whip, and the other is like a road sign. As we know, almost all the Chinese teachers just give the lecture when they are teaching some knowledge to the students. If you walk around in some classrooms when the students having classes, you will see very similar scene that the teachers are standing on the teaching ground and talking, the students are just writing the notes as quickly as they can. Although they feel tiered, they cannot stop because of the anxiousness that they cannot follow the teachers. And for the Chinese students, after the class they have so much homework to do that the teacher left to them. On the contrary, the atmosphere of the foreign teachers’ classes is more easily. You always can hear that the students are discussing in the class. Because the teachers prefer to guide the students to find out the answer or learn the knowledge by themselves or within a team. Obviously, they do not like to leave so much homework to force the students to remember and repeat what they learn in the class, they are willing to take a self-help study. So the Chinese teachers like to be a whip and they want to force the students to study in their designed way, however, the foreign teachers act as a road sign that they can lead the students in a right direction and let them learn by themselves. Secondly, one of the differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers is how they care about the students. In my opinion, the Chinese teachers care about the students’ study achievements. But for the foreign teachers, they concern more about the students’ life and personality not only the study record. When I was in the middle school, I found what the most important thing the teacher concerned is only study. If a student feel upsad, the teacher always said make yourself better soon, do not affect your study. That seems like all the starting points for the teacher is good to study. However, the foreign teachers do not only care about the students’ study, in their mind, study is not so important, they care more about the students’ growth and personalities. They pay much attention to the development of students’ positive life attitude and good personalities. if a foreign teacher sees a worried student, this teacher is probably afraid whether the longtime bad mood can bring terrible impact on the student’s growth. Therefore, the foreign teacher care more about the students’ growth verses the Chinese teachers who just concern the study too much. The last one is the different attitude to the students who make some mistakes. The strictness is a very outstanding attribute for the Chinese teachers which is known by people. Especially when the students make some mistakes, they always treat them very strictly, even punish them. They think only the strict punishment and critic can let the students remember this lesson. On the contrary, few of the foreign teachers punish the students who make mistakes. They are more patient and try to let students know how serious the consequence is when they take such wrong action. To their opinion, everyone has the antagonistic mentality, too much punishment and critic only can stir up the hostility. That just makes the result more terrible or even has a bad influence on the students. Obviously the attitudes toward the students who make the mistakes are so different; the Chinese teachers prefer to choose a strict method to avoid the students to try it again. But for the foreign teachers, they are more friendly to get the permission that the students will not repeat this mistake. In the conclusion, the Chinese teachers are so different from the foreign teachers, such as different teaching style, different attitudes to the students and different treatment to the students’ study record. As a result, those make different characteristics of the students from different region, Chinese students always have strong basement in the academy, and however the foreign students are more creative.

Drug Abuse Essay

â€Å"Drug abuse and addiction are major burdens to society; economic costs alone are estimated to exceed a half a trillion dollars annually in the United States, including health, crime-related costs, and losses in productivity. However staggering as these numbers are, they provide a limited perspective of the devastating consequences of this disease,† (Volkow, 2007 P. 2). The cost of drug addiction and drug abuse can be staggering in today’s society. 14 percent of people brought to emergency rooms at hospitals suffer from alcohol or drug abuse/addiction disorders. About 20 percent of hospital costs through Medicaid are linked to substance abuse. $1 out of $4 is spent on Medicare inpatient care. About 70 percent of state prison and jail inmates used drugs on a regular basis. One-third of state prison growth can be accounted to drug offenses. Since 1985 there has been an 80 percent increase in prison population. Addictions cause an economic burden on the United States that is two times that of diseases affecting the brain. Untreated substance addiction and abuse can have significant disruptions and costs for families (Dewey, 2008). Substance addiction and abuse can have a grave impact on society. Substance abuse and addiction can have grave effects that contribute to costly mental, social, and physical health problems. Some examples include: STD’s, domestic violence, teen pregnancy, child abuse, fights, murder, and suicide (Dewey, 2008). While the manufacture, sale, transportation, and use of controlled substances are themselves criminal, drugs and crimes are also linked in other ways. The addict who is so habituated to the use of illegal drugs that he or she steals to support the habit, the drug importer who kills a rival dealer and the offender who commits criminal act due to the stimulation provided by drugs all provide examples of how drug abuse may be linked to other forms of criminal activity. The United States Department of Justice has stated, â€Å"There is extensive evidence of the strong relationship between drug use and crime† supported by â€Å"a review of the evidence† that can be summarized in the following three points (Schmalleger, 2012 P.351). 1. Drug users report great or involvement in crime and are more likely then nonusers to have criminal records. 2. People with criminal records are much more likely than others to report being drug users. 3. Crimes rise in number as drug use increases (Schmalleger, 2012 P.351). Offender self-reports of jail inmates collected by BJS researchers showed the following. †¢ About 44 percent used illegal drugs in the month before the offense for which they were arrested. †¢ Roughly 30 percent used illegal drugs daily in the month before the offense. †¢ Around 27 percent used illegal drugs at the time of the offense. †¢ Cocaine and crack cocaine were the drugs most commonly abused by jail inmates (Schmalleger, 2012 P.352). References Dewey, William L†¦ (2008). Friends of NIDA Healthy People.gov. (2012). Substance Abuse. Retrieved from www. Healthy people.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspxx?topicid=40. Schmalleger, Frank. (2012). Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, Sixth Edition.

Has the introduction of tuition fees reduced the demand for higher Essay

Has the introduction of tuition fees reduced the demand for higher education - Essay Example In Australia, where income contingent loans have been introduced to cover tuition fees and maintenance support, up until 1995 there had been no fall in demand either as a result of reduced entry or increased drop-out rates. Higher education has proven to be an attractive investment for individuals, generating a return of 5-15% in OECD countries. In addition to the benefits derived by the individual, society also benefits largely when the population is well educated. In many OECD countries, the burden of higher education has gradually shifted from the government or the taxpayer to the students and their parents. Australia reintroduced the tuition fees for higher education in 1989 through the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS).In the Netherlands, tuition fees for full-time students are determined by the Minister of Education and are uniform for all subjects in higher education programs. Tuition fee as a percentage of the total direct cost of higher education has remained stable at 20% for the past few years. A change in funding pattern is likely to influence the student community in various ways. While an immediate reaction to discontinuation of State sponsorship for higher education might be one of disappointment, it might also lead students and their parents to appreciate the of value higher education better if they are to be made to pay for it from their own pockets. This way, only students serious about research in that particular field would take up higher studies. However, without primary research or econometric testing of behaviour, it very difficult to assess the net effect of changes to the funding structure and cost of higher education to students. The theory of human capital explains the economic approach to students demand for higher education as an investment. Human capital theory suggests that

Business Skills Evaluation of Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Skills Evaluation of Sources - Essay Example The sources serve as a means of backing up whatever conclusion (on the topic at hand) that the researcher has come to in the study they are involved in(Gorard, 2013). This means that if the source for example, contains false information then the argument that had been brought forth in the research will be declared invalid as the support structures used to stand the subject matter can no longer be considered stable. This can be considered to be the most important factor that needs to be determined when attempting to evaluate the value of the sources used. Accuracy has to do with the truthfulness of the information provided from that particular source and how exact it is to the actual reality(Gorard, 2013). It should be noted that in some cases the accuracy of some sources cannot be measured to a tee but a certain level is still required to classify it as accurate information. Within the topic of accuracy come other factors that lie beneath this main subject and determine whether the source is accurate or not. These factors include issues such as how recent the information provided is and issues such as the methods that were used to collect, store and pass on the information. The Accuracy of the sources provided can be considered to be high as a result of the where they come from. The information provided in the books, have been brought about by professionals who are aware of what they are talking about and more importantly, have used established information to put their points across(Gorard, 2013). The sources can also be considered to be accurate via the publication dates of the literature that was used. The more recent the publication, the more recent the information and thus the less likely it is for the information provided in that particular work to have been rendered obsolete or have undergone renovations as a

The Difference in Nonverbal Behaviors and How It Changes In Different Article

The Difference in Nonverbal Behaviors and How It Changes In Different Stages of A Relationship - Article Example Through the research, it was found that both language and nonverbal communication are equally important for romantic relationships. However, the nature of nonverbal relationships changes with the passage of time for both genders. Women tend to be more inclined towards nonverbal cues in relationships as compared to men. The researchers studied the responses of 145 participants and found women to be more relationship-oriented than their male counterparts. The study also helped in knowing that nonverbal communication is on high end in case of more involved romantic partners. Casual daters have been found less inclined towards nonverbal cues as compared to married and long term relationship couples. Although this study is very useful, interesting, and informative, yet is has some limitations, such as, lack of involvement of people of higher age groups and inaccuracy or invalidity of the filled questionnaires as the researchers did not go in direct contact with the research participants. However, apart from these few limitations, the study seems to be very useful for people in romantic relationships as they can know where their relationship lies and how should they progress with their relationships in different stages of the romantic relationship. There were three main research questions used by the researchers. One of them was aimed towards knowing the differences between women and men and the way they respond to the nonverbal questionnaire. The second research question was aimed towards knowing the variations between the responses of research participants in five differences stages of the romantic relationship. The third question was aimed towards knowing the differences in affectionate communication in the five stages of the relationship. The research questions created by the researchers for the study were able to retrieve a good level of detail about the

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Company Law - Essay Example n be altered by special resolution.3 However, any alteration must comply with the provisions contained in the company’s Memorandum of Association and the current Companies Acts. The Memorandum sets out the objects of the company and what the company can do. Therefore in the event a provision of the Articles is inconsistent with the Memorandum it will be overruled.4 Any alteration of the company’s Article of Association must be conducted in good faith and for the overall benefit of the company.5 The underlying rationale is the extent to which the majoritys power is contained so as to prevent majority oppression of the minority. Put another way, the principles of common law and equity effectively bind the majority share holders in the manifest exercise of their powers at the expense of minority shareholders.6 The courts have consistently approached the question of alteration of a company’s Articles of Association with extreme caution. There are many variants that are potentially conflicting. For one thing a fine balancing of the company’s interests and the interests of the members of the company as a body is relevant. The doctrine of majority rule is as equally important to the court as is the protection of the minority from oppression by the majority. Since by virtue of Section 9 of the Companies Act 1985 a majority can alter or amend provisions contained in the Articles of Association, it is important to the court that this is not accomplished by discriminatory or fraudulent means or motives on the part of the majority. The doctrine of majority rule was introduced in Foss v Harbottle. The rationale behind Foss was that any difficulties within the structure of the company ought to be dealt with by ratification by the majority shareholders.7 Inherent in this principle is the courts’ recognition of the company’s right to alter its Articles of Association. Jenkins LJ said, ‘†¦where the alleged wrong is a transaction which might be made binding

MEMO REPORT(WAGE NEGOTIATIONS Incident Decision) Assignment

MEMO REPORT(WAGE NEGOTIATIONS Incident Decision) - Assignment Example The union has made it clear that if their demands are not met the employees will go on strike. The firm should avoid the strike scenario under all consequences. The proposed solution avoids the risk of a work stoppage caused by a worker’s strike. The optimal solution for the company is to settle with the union in order to resolve the incident. The negotiator send to talk will admit that the employees deserve a raise. The negotiator will explain to the union representatives that the increase in production of the company came due to a variety of factors including better equipment, optimal use of technology, and mastering the learning curve. The human factor also contributed directly to the increment in production. The firm will open its books to show the union that the company cannot afford such a high increment in salary. The proposed solution is to offer the employees an increase of $400 per

Short story about a family who is attacked by a ruthless loan shark Essay

Short story about a family who is attacked by a ruthless loan shark after defulting on their loan - Essay Example She recently had to take this job for some definite reason. Jonathon and Lisa had two sons and a little daughter. The first son, Jack studies in the seventh standard, the younger one in the fifth and was named after his grandpa Edward. Their only daughter, as white as lily and sweet as a pie was named Alice. She was only three years old. It was always hard for Lisa to carry Alice to the workplace but she had to. As at that point of time it was never possible for her to arrange a baby sitter for young Alice. Brighton is a tourist place in England and Kemp is most famous for its summer beaches. Every year almost eight million tourist visits Brighton and Jonathon was a manager of an inn so his job was secured and the family was happy enough till the time Jonathon didn’t fall prey into the hands of the money-lenders. Lisa always wanted their sons to receive good education but unfortunately this dream fell very short to Jonathon’s exquisite dream of buying a heritage car. Jonathon’s father was a rich businessman and he renovated the large beach house. This house was gifted by the Royal Family to Jonathon’s great grandfather Henry for saving the drowning prince when the Royal Family once visited Kemp Town Beach. Though there was always a separate Monarch’s Way situated at the west along the seafront above the beach, still it remains a mystery that amidst so many attendants and servants what Henry was actually doing there. It is said that Henry actually received this house as an ancestral property by marrying Maria, who was a daughter of a rich fisherman and as a wedding gift, Henry was awarded this house. But some where there was a bit problem in the constitution of thoughts or a habit that was carried forward to the forth coming generation is a point of debate and lets not beat around the bushes. The point of contention from this incident is clearer than the blue water of the sea which was visible from the bedroom of the beach house. The family was a bit

Organizational Theory Design and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Organizational Theory Design and Change - Essay Example Some factors arising from the organization’s structure and culture that assign subunits varying degree of power are as follows: An organization fundamentally gets hold of resources from the environment. Therefore, the subunit that assumes greater control over the organizational resources, retains greater power as compared to other subunits, that so not have as strong a hold over them. In addition to the organizational resources, a subunit’s approach to the strategic information and its control of it are the cardinal sources of its authority. Subunits assuming a central responsibility to the flow of resources are able to minimize the vagueness that other subunits face (Jones). Therefore, any subunit that is able to control an organization’s principal sources causing uncertainty retains considerable power, though, as the contingencies an organization faces change, the distribution of power between individual subunits changes. Besides, if a subunit assumes such a ro le in the organization’s structure that no other subunit can play, then it becomes vital for the organization’s success. Such a subunit becomes quite nonsubstitutable, in comparison to other subunits, that may be meddled with or replaced as per the need of the hour. Works cited: Jones, Gareth. Organizational Theory, Design, and Change. 6th ed. NJ: Prentice Hall.  2007.

Preserving Water is Preserving Life Essay Example for Free

Preserving Water is Preserving Life Essay There are various resources that the Earth provides its inhabitants, but the most important natural resource is water. However, despite the fact that water is an irreplaceable natural resource, humans tend to abuse without knowing the implications. It is necessary to save water not only because it is a very manageable resource (Padmavathy Malarvizhi, 2006), but also because of the fact that water provides life to every living thing on Earth. Without it, life cannot be sustained: humans can survive weeks without food, but without water, they will only be able to survive for a few days. Apart from this, water also sustains the growth of life in forests, jungles which are the habitats of other species. Unfortunately, as much as the world would like to believe that natures resources would last forever, such is not possible. Water is a finite source, and only about 0. 024% of all the water resources in the world is accessible, while the rest of the worlds water supply consists of oceans and inaccessible freshwater in the deep earth (Dauvergne, 2005). Humans, animals, and plant life will not be able to subsist without water; plant life would not be able to grow, and animals which eat plants will not have any food supply. These animals will deplete in numbers, they will devastate the food chain and bigger animals which eat these animals will also lose their food supply. If animals continue to thin in numbers, they would eventually become endangered, and unfortunately, it is possible that they may become instinct. In order to preserve life on Earth, every individual should have the initiative to save water. There is a need to educate people of the implications of losing freshwater on Earth, for the first step to understanding would be education. If people pitch in and do their part for the preservation of water, life on Earth may have a chance in subsisting for generations. References Dauvergne, P. (2005). Handbook of global environmental politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgas Publishing Limited. Padmavathy, S. Malarvizhi. (2006). Conservation of protected water resource in household. In G. Chandrakumar N. Mukundan, Water resource management: Thrust and

The Effectiveness of Benson’s Relaxation Therapy

The Effectiveness of Benson’s Relaxation Therapy ABSTRACT A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Benson’s relaxation therapy on reduction of pain and stress among post caesarean mothers admitted in KMCH, Coimbatore Objectives of the study are, To assess the level of pain and stress among post caesarean mothers before intervention in both control and experimental group, To assess the effectiveness of Benson’s relaxation therapy on reducing pain and stress among post caesarean mothers in experimental group and to find out the association between pain and stress with demographic and clinical profile. Time Series design was adopted for this study. Setting of the study is OBG wards in KMCH, Coimbatore. Sample size is totally 100 post caesarean mothers. (50 in the experimental group and 50 in the control group). Non probability purposive sampling technique was used. Titler et el(2004) effectiveness model was framed. Pain perception level was assessed by using 0-10 numerical pain scale, stress was assessed using Hung’s postpartum stress scale. Intervention: Pain was measured by numerical pain scale before and after providing the Benson’s relaxation therapy for 3 consecutive days, twice daily. Stress was measured by Hung’s Postpartum stress scale, Pre test is done on the 1st day morning before intervention and post test is done on the 3rd day evening after intervention. Benson’s relaxation therapy is effective in reducing the pain perception and stress in mothers who underwent LSCS. On comparing the pre test pain perception levels between the experimental and control group the ‘t’ value was not significant at 0.01 level of significance in pre test 1 whereas it was significant in the rest five observations. Comparison of the post test pain perception levels among the experimental and control group showed that the ‘t’ value was significant at 0.01 level of significance for all the six observations of post test. Hence there is a statistically significant difference in the post test pain perception scores in the experimental group. Similarly, on comparing the pre test stress scores in both experimental and control group the ‘t’ value was not significant at 0.01 level of significance whereas the ‘t’ value was significant on comparing the post stress scores among both experimental and control group, thus proving that there is a statistically significant difference in the post test stress scores in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results supported that Benson’s relaxation therapy is a simple therapy of non pharmacological measure and is effective in reducing the pain perception and stress in mothers who underwent LSCS. REFERENCES BOOKS: Arenson., Drake.P.P (2007). Maternal and Newborn Health. 1st ed. Surbury: Jones and Barlett publishers. Basavanthappa, B.T (1998), Nursing Research. 1st ed. Bangalore: Jaypee Brothers. Basbarm, H.,Fields, (1984). Textbook of pain.(4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Bennet, V. R., Brow, L. K (2003). Myles Textbook for Midwives. 15th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. Burns, N. (1993). Nursing Research. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. Cunningham, G., et al., (2005). Williams Obstetrics. 22nd ed. USA: McGRAW- Hill. Medical Publishing Division. Daftary, S. N., Chakravarthi, S., (2012). Manual of obstetrics. 3rd ed. India: Elsevier publications. Dickson e j., Silverman BL., Kaplan JA(1998) . Maternal infant nursing care 3rd ed. Missouri: Mosby Dutta DC (2006) Textbook of Obstetrics including Perinatology and Contraception 6th ed. Calcutta : new central book agency (p) ltd. Fraser DM Cooper M A (2009) Myles textbook for midwives 15th ed. China: Churchill livingstone. Gupta S P (2000) Statistical method 8th ed. new Delhi : Sulthan Chans sons Herbert Benson M.D.,Miriam Z. Klipper(2000) The Relaxation response 25th ed.Boston: HarperCollinsPublishers. James H. Humphrey (2005) Anthology of Stress Revisited 9th ed. New York: Nova publishers. Klossner N J Hatfield N (2005) Introductory maternity nursing. 1st ed. New Delhi: Pearson education. Kothari C.R (2000) Research methodology. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Wishwa prakasan. Lowdermilk DL Perry,S.E. (2010) Maternity nursing 8th ed. USA: Mosby . Elsevier. Mc Caffery Margo(1979) Nursing management of patient with pain 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Murray Mc Kinney (2010) Foundations of Maternal New born women’s health nursing Canada: Elsevier publications. Murvay S E (2002). Foundation of Maternal New born nursing 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. Padubidri.V Anand. E (2006) Textbook of obstetrics 1st ed. New Delhi :B I publications. Pilliteri A (2007) Maternity and child health nursing 5th ed. New York Lippincott company. Polit DF ungler BP (1999) Nursing research principles and methods 5th ed Philadelphia Lippincott company . Potter Perry (2009) Fundamentals of Nursing 7th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Raile.M.A., Marriner A T (1997) Nursing theory utilization and application. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby. Reeder J.S ., Martin Koniak G.D (1997) Maternity nursing: family , new born and women’s health care (17th ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott company. Serge Doublet (2000) The Stress Myth 1st ed. Pennsylvania: Science Humanities Press ONLINE JOURNALS: Abdalrahim, M.S., Majali, S. A., Stomberg, M. W., Bergbom, I. (2011). The effect of postoperative pain management programme on improving nurses’ knowledge and attitude towards pain. Nurse Education in practice, 11(4), 250-255. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Boston, MA., (2009). Eliciting the Relaxation Response. Lifestyle Medicine: Tools for Promoting Healthy Change., retrieved from http://www.mbmi.org Bagheri-Nesami M,Mohseni-Bandpei MA,Shayesteh-Azar M (2006) The effect of Benson Relaxation Technique on rheumatoid arthritis patients: extended report: International journal of nursing practice volume 12, Issue 4, 214-219 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Chich-Hsiu Hung Hsin-Hsin Chung (2001) The effects of postpartum stress and social support on postpartum women’s health status: Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 36,Issue 5, 676–684 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Chung, J. W., Lui, J. C.(2008). Post operative pain management: study of patients’ level of pain and satisfaction with health care providers’ responsiveness to their reports of pain. Nursing health sciences,5(1), 13-21. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc article Eelco Olde., Onno van der., Hart Rolf Kleber Maarten van Son (2006) Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: A review Clinical Psychology Review 26 (2006) 1 – 16 Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com Francis, L., Fitzpatrick, J. J (2012). Post operative pain: Nurses’ knowledge and Patients’ experiences. Pain Management nursing. Retrieved from www.pain management nursing.org Home L(2006). Post C. S analgesia : Effective strategies and association with chronic pain. British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 19(3), 244 -248. Retrieved from www.nms.journal.com Jan van Dixhoorna., Adrian White (2012) Relaxation therapy for rehabilitation and prevention in ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Europeon journal of preventive cardiology Volume 21, Issue 5, 65-59 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Jan van Dixhoorn,Hugo J. Duivenvoorden, Hans A. Staal Jan Pool (1989) Physical training and relaxation therapy in cardiac rehabilitation assessed through a composite criterion for training outcome: American Heart Journal, Volume 118, Issue 3, 545–552 retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Kooper J, Mariet C, (2004) Pain perception and sympathetic responses among post operative patients. Pain management nursing. 5(2): 59-65 Retrieved from www.pain management nursing.org Macrae, W. A., (2001) Chronic pain after surgery, The British journal of Anaesthesia, 87(1), 89-98 Retrieved from www.soulstice wellness.com Madhavi., et.al (2013) Implementing Bensons relaxation training in hemodialysis patients: Changes in perceived stress, anxiety, and depression: Complementary therapies in Medicine Vol. 5, Issue 9, 536-540 retrieved from http://www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine.com Marion Good (2006) Effects of relaxation and music on postoperative pain: a review : Journal of Advanced Nursing Volume 24,Issue 5,905–914 retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov MasoumeRambod., et., al., (2013) Evaluation of the effect of Bensons relaxation technique on pain and quality of life of haemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial: Complementary therapies in Medicine Vol. 21, Issue 5, 481-486 retrieved from http://www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine.com Maureen Wimberly Groer, Mitzi Wilkinson Davis Jean Hemphill (2006) Postpartum Stress: Current concepts and the possible Protective Role of breast feeding: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, Vol 31,Issue 4, 411–417 retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Reynold, J. L (199) Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: the phenomenon of traumatic birth: CMAJ,vol. 156no. 6 Retrieved from http://www.cmaj.com Sousa, L.D., Pitangui, A. C. R., Gomes, F,A., Nakano, A.M.S., Ferreira, C. (2009). Measurement and characteristics of post – caesarean section pain and the relationship tp limitation of physical activities. Acta Paulista de Enfermafem, 22(6), 741-747. Retrieved from www.scielo.br/pdf/ape. Soderquist. J, K. WijmaB. Wijma(2002) Traumatic stress after childbirth: Role of Obstetrical variable: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology vol 23, No. 1, 31-39 retrieved from http://www.informahealthcare.com Tetti Solehati,S.Kp.,M.Kep.(2011) The effect of benson relaxation to pain intensity of post secarean section client in Sumedang hospital and Al Ihsan hospital Bandung: The Association of Indonesian Nurse Education Center. Retrieved from www.aipni-ainec.com Tobias Esch., Gregory L. Fricchione., George B. Stefano (2003) The therapeutic use of the relaxation response in stress-related diseases : Journal of Complementary therapies, Volume 9 (2): 23-34, Retrieved from http://www.medscimonit.com Varunyupa Roykulcharoen Marion Good (2004) Systematic relaxation to relieve postoperative pain: Journal of Advanced Nursing Volume 48,Issue 2,pages 140–148 retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Wadden TA,de la Torre CS (1980) Relaxation therapy as an adjunct treatment for essential hypertension: Journal of Family Practice volume11(6):901-908 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Zainab Shaban (2013) Childbirth a traumatic event: Iran Red Crescent Medical Journal vol 15. No.3 177-182 Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. NEWSPAPER REPORTS: Sreedevi, K. (2011) Nov.26, C.S. pain. Retrieved from www.timesofindia.com UNPUBLISHED THESIS Ria Ann Kurian., (2013). Effectiveness of hand and foot massage on pain reduction among post caesarean women in Kovai medical center and hospital, Coimbatore. Unpublished M.Sc., Nursing Dissertation, KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore, The Tamilnadu DR. M.G.R Medical University, Chennai.

Being A Good Parent :: Parenting

There are many different things that I take into consideration when it comes to parenting. Parents have many different responsibilities but there are three in particular that I think are very important. Being a good role model is important, as well as listening to your children and disciplining them appropriately. If you want to be a good parent you have to put your kids first. The first responsibility that I think is very important is being a good example for your kids. Parents are examples for their kids whether they like it or not. My boys watch and copy everything that I do, and even if I don’t think their listening they are listening. If they see me finishing school and working a good job that’s what they will expect to do themselves because that is all that they know. Children are like sponges. I want to show my kids how to be a good person by being a good person myself. As a parent I want my children to know that they can be anything they want to be, but at the same time I am controlling their physical and moral environment so that they can be good people. I want them to be in an environment where they can develop habits of honesty, generosity, and responsibility. I think that one of the greatest things that I can do for my kids is to take them seriously and listen to them. My five year old is constantly showing me everything that he learns and it’s very easy to tune him out sometimes, but I think its very important not to. It is important to listen because if you don’t give your kids enough attention they might try and seek it in a negative way. It is important to listen to your children when they have learned something new or want to tell you something that they are proud of. Children seek your approval, and that gives them confidence. Lastly discipline is another very important responsibility. The best thing to do is to pick your battles, because if you are constantly saying â€Å"no† your child will tune it out. You also have to be consistent. For example, you can’t let your child eat candy before dinner one night and then tell them not to the next night, you will be sending them mixed signals.

Hockey is the Greatest Sport :: essays research papers

Hockey and its modern roots date back to the late nineteenth century. Interestingly, one of the considered fathers of hockey, Lord Stanley, came to Canada and showed great interest in the amazing sport. He then donated a steel mug of his to the sport which was to become The Stanley Cup. It is the oldest trophy in all of sports. Hockey is the sport of all sports and there is not a quality of another sport one will not find in hockey. If so, it would be a more boring version of something similar that hockey already has to offer. For example, in Golf there is the putt and in Hockey there is the slap shot. The Canadian interest in Hockey as well as the entertainment it gives to people makes it the worthiest of all sports. Canada has always had an interest in Hockey. Even before it was widely known, Canadians knew they were missing something. Canada is a northern country which has a lot of ice which made it an ideal place for the sport. Over the years Canada has been recognized throughout the world as having the greatest hockey players. This really helps Canadians with the liking of the sport as Canada does not get very much attention in the world. Let us all face it, what other sport is Canada considered the best at? Hockey is a very quick game. Probably the fastest game out there. The speed really helps with entertainment. Watching the players go back and forth, scoring chances everywhere. The watchers blood pumping quick and hardly any stoppages in the game. It is they only sport that actually allows fighting to occur. This entertains and gives pride to the fans when their teams player wins. As said before, any quality of other sports can be found in Hockey, In this case it was Boxing.

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Essay -- Quid pro quo harassment, h

The workplace is an environment where one should always feel safe. That sometimes is not the case. There has been a great increase in sexual harassment lawsuits and claims in the workplace since the Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas controversy in 1991. Sexual harassment is any unwanted and offensive sexual advances or sexually derogatory or discriminatory remarks. The law currently recognizes two types of sexual harassment in the workplace. Quid pro quo harassment and hostile environment harassment. "Hostile environment" involves making unwanted sexual advances or other verbal or physical contact with the goal of reasonably obstructing an individuals work performance or alternatively effectuating and intimidating, hostile or formidable working environment (Sexual Harassment, 2014). "Quid pro quo" harassment involves harassment from supervisors and occurs when bosses use their authority to coerce employees, either with threats or rewards into having a sexual relationship. Non-supervisors, by the definition, cannot engage in quid pro quo harassment. In this paper I intend to explain both types of harassment that take place in the workplace. I will also focus on different ways that an employer (manager, supervisor) can do to prevent sexual harassment claims. If your firm is sued for sexual harassment, you will not recover legal costs, the cost to your reputation or the extensive time required to prepare for trial, even if you win the case. Thus, it's far better to take steps to prevent sexual harassment and minimize your liability if such a claim should arise (National Women's Law Center, 2015). Hostile Environment Harassment The first form of sexual harassment falls under the ?hostile environment category?. Thi... ...e Huffington Post (February 19, 2015) the number of sexual harassment cases filed with the EEOC in 2014 was 26,027(Vagianos, 2015). Employers need to always take all precautions to prevent a lawsuit . They need to make sure that they have visible standards about harassment polices so all employees can understand what sexual harassment is. Bibliography "Sexual Harassment" The EEOC. 2014. Web. 2 June 2015. http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm "Sexual Harassment in the Workplace" National Women's Law Center, 2015. Web. 2 June 2015. http://www.nwlc.org/our-issues/employment/sexual-harassment-in-the-workplace Vagianos, Alanna. "1 In 3 Women Has Been Sexually Harassed At Work" The Huffington Post. Feb. 19, 2015. Web. 7 June 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/19/1-in-3-women-sexually-harassed-work-cosmopolitan_n_6713814.html

Obama Victory Speech 2008

In Obama’s speech, he uses many inclusive pronouns such as ‘we’ and ‘our’. This shows that they are all the same; by doing this it creates a sense of unity among the audience. This is effective because it gets the audience on his side; if he used exclusive pronouns such as ‘you’, it would make the audience feel less united. He also says ‘America can change’, by doing this he personifies and metonymies ‘America’. This is effective as it makes the people think about what he means by ‘America’ in that context, he could have easily said the ‘people of America’ but that would be very dull.We also see here again that he uses ‘America’ in a united sense. This all links in with the semantic field of the speech, of ‘the American Dream’, which is all based on peace and unity among the people of America. Another technique Obama uses are exophoric references and anecdotes, such as â€Å"She’s a lot like the millions of others who stood in line to make their voices heard in this election except for one thing – Ann Nixon cooper is 106 years old. †This is effective in the speech as help explain the point Obama makes to the audience. It is also something the audience can relate to .He also waits until right at the end to say â€Å"Ann Nixon cooper is 106 years old,† this turns a sentence about someone ordinary into someone extraordinary. Apart from the general references he makes, there are also very famous ones, such as ‘A man touched down on the moon’ and ‘a preacher told a people ‘We shall overcome. ’† He uses these exophoric references effectively, to remind the audience about the situations they have overcome, which inspires them. Also, when he makes these references, he doesn’t clearly state the event but vaguely describes it.He does this to make the audience think about what h e is saying, but at the same time not to undermine them by being too clear. In the reference ‘A man touched down on the moon’, he uses the word ‘man’ which is much more inclusive than a person’s name, and it makes the audience feel united in that event and as if they were a part of it. Furthermore, when he gives the quotation of ‘we shall overcome’, everyone immediately recognises that famous quote, and relates to MLK. Obama also picks this quote out in particular, as it is about overcoming which is the main topic of his speech and in the way it is said, it sounds like a statement.This is effective as it reinforces and adds credibility to what he says, which means the audience are more likely to accept it. During the speech, Obama’s tone and body language varies. For example, when he is giving an anecdote, he talks in a calm manner with long sentences, few pauses and no hand gestures, ‘At a time when women’s voices we re silenced and their hopes dismissed, she lived to see them stand up†¦ ’ Then when he starts to make a point his tempo rises and he uses sentences with many pauses with also strong hand gestures, ‘That while we breathe, we hope, and where we are met with cynicism, and doubt†¦ This is effective as it shows emphasis on the points that are very important and makes them easier to remember; also it shows a contrast between the main points of the speech and the anecdotes. In the Obama’s speech he uses few religious references, such as ‘Thank you, God bless you, and may God Bless the United States of America. ’ He says this because he himself is religious, but also America is a strongly Christian country and he targets those in audience who are religious. This effective as it gives impression that God is on their side and motivates people.Also the way Obama says that at the end of the speech is similar to how a priest would end his speech in a Ch urch, which again gives it a very holy and religious feeling. During the speech Obama shows advances in many things, such as technology. He shows this by saying â€Å"no cars on the road or planes in the sky† and â€Å"she touched her finger to a screen, and cast her vote,† by saying this he contrasts the past with the present, and it makes the audience think how far they have came, in terms of technology in a short space of time.Another advance he shows us is in equality, by saying â€Å"when someone like her couldn’t vote for two reasons – because she was a woman and because of the colour of her skin,† he reminds the audience of the time when it use to happen. This effective because it shows change, by contrasting the past with present, and he shows this change to show the American people that if they did it then why can’t they do it again, which motivates them. Also when he says â€Å"couldn’t vote for two reasons – †¦ there is a slight pause, he does this as the audience know what’s coming next which makes them think. Throughout the speech, Obama’s main buzz phrase has been â€Å"Yes We can. † This phrase is good as it is only three letters long and is repeated through the speech several times, making it easy to remember. He uses these when making a point, such as â€Å"America can change. Yes we can† and â€Å"nation conquers fear itself with a New deal, new jobs and a new sense of common purpose. Yes we can,† this motivates the people and gets them on his side.Also Obama uses this phrases right at the end of point or paragraph, so the audience know its coming and after it’s said they can repeated the phrase, this is why he leaves a short pause after each point for the audience to react . This is effective as it makes the audience think and concentrate on the speech. The word â€Å"yes† in the phrase as adverb shows the agreement between him and the people. The word â€Å"we† as a first person plural pronoun denotes as collective force or unity and the word â€Å"can† as a modal auxiliary verb suggests the ability or possibility of someone doing something.

Influence of Rules and Regulation on Public Sector Accounting Practice

Title: Rules And Regulation In Public Sector Accounting. Date / Time: 07 October 2012 (Monday) / 4:00 Pm Location: Room Spk308, Othman Yeop Abdullah Building (School Of Accounting. ) Guest: Student Of Public Sector Accounting Group C Agenda: Influence Of Rules And Regulation On Public Sector Accounting Practise. Last Sunday, we are discussing about the rule and regulation regarding Public Sector Accounting Practice. On that day, we are discussing about the article in federal law which on part VII (Financial Provision).Initially, we must know about the establishment history of the Federal Constitution. Federal Constitution it’s also known it as the Malaysian Constitution. It is the written legal documentation that it’s formed based on two previous documents of the Federation of Malaya Independence Constitution of 1948 and 1957. The legal drafted based on the advice of Reid Commission. Federal Constitution consists of several different parts. Public Sector Accounting Practice is related to part VII in the Federal Constitution.These VII parts consist of several articles. The article starts from Article 96 until Article 112. This segment is focus on the financial provision for the government and state. Article 96, Indicates that no money can be raised by taxation or rates, nor can it be spent (except) under the authority of the federal law. Article 97, all revenues and monies raised or received by the Federal government shall be paid to the Federal Consolidated Fund and all revenues and monies received by the state shall be paid to the State Consolidated Fund.Article 98, Indicates that expenditure charge to the Federal Consolidated Fund include grant, remuneration of the royalties, pensions, debt charges, money to pay for court judgment. Next Article 99, Annual financial statements require the federal government to prepare and submit to the Parliament, statements of estimated receipts and estimated expenditure of the following year before the commencement of that year. Also requires federal government to submit statement of assets and liabilities of last financial year.Article 100, Supply Bills indicates that expenditure to be met from the consolidated fund excluding charged expenditure shall be included in a bill known as Supply Bill. Article 101, if the amo unt appropriated (approved) by the Supply Act is insufficient, a supplementary budget can be prepared and submitted to Parliament. Article 102, Expenditure of unusual urgency not is included in the approved budget; it needs to be approved by Parliament. Article 103, The purpose of the Contingencies Fund is to meet urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exist.Article 104, Withdrawals from Consolidated Funds regulates payment for charged expenditure authorized by Supply Act and also Article 102. Article 105, Auditor General is appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Council of Rulers and is eligible for reappointment. Article 106, The Auditor General will perform such other duties as specified by the King on accounts of federal, states and other public authorities. Article 107, the audit report should be submitted to the King to be laid in the Parliament.The states accounts’ and other state autho rities should be submitted to the state ruler for presentation to the State Legislative Assembly. Article 109, Grants for States indicates that Federal government shall make to each state a grant, capitation grant. Article 110, Assignment of Taxes and Fees to the States, each state will receive portion of taxes collected within the states which receive 10% of export duties of mineral produced by states. Article 111, The Federation shall not borrow except under the authority of federal law and state.Last Article 112, Restrict alternation by states to any addition to its establishment or the establishment of any of its department or alter the rates of established salaries and emoluments. DISCUSSION: We have conducted a discussion in the class. Before starting the presentation, we already began the discussion session. We ask the students to give their opinion about article 96 until article 112. one of our friends, Noor Amiera binti Jaafar gave her opinion regarding article number 97. S he said, â€Å"Federal Constitution related to government financial.Example Article 97, subject to federal constitution, all revenue came from state will be accounted to the state government†. Besides Noor Amiera, the others member also provides their own opinion like, Teoh Vin Sen he said state government will collect the money and revenue from state if under the federal government. Last but not least our friends Yap Kit Yeng, she gave an opinion regarding article number 96, and she said the federal government will collect the revenue from taxation. SUGGESTION: 1.We suggest that it’s compulsory for every student to read the book before they came to the class in order to improve their participation. Moreover by reading before they came to the class, the objective of Student Centred Learning because they can give their own opinion about the discussed topics. 2. Each group should be more confident when they want to do the presentation. Besides that, the presenter must ma ke slide presentation clear. 3. Student should give the full attention when the presenter present about their chapter. Besides that, the presenter must point to the audience when they want the answer.

Bollman Hotel Chain memo Essay

The purpose of this memo is to provide a compliance plan to be incorporated into your business strategies for a successful entry into the international market. As the business environment becomes more global, labor and employment law issues have become globalized as well. The US and India’s employment laws both address the minimum wage and overtime pay for private and public or federal workers, equal rights and opportunities, discrimination, limitations and prohibitions on employment of minors, and occupational safety and health administration. Below is a list of applicable employment laws and consequences for non-compliance. A comparative research shows that there are similarities between India and US labor laws so I will also integrate these for consistency in compliance on the company policies and guidelines. The US Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) provides standards for the basic minimum wage and overtime pay for private and public workers. Working hours are restricted on non-agricultural agricultural operations for children under the age 16, and children under 18 are not allowed to work on jobs that are dangerous. India has a Minimum Wages Act 1948 that sets wages for the different economic sectors and State governments have minimum wage sc hedules, and another Article (24) covers the prohibition of child labor under 14 years old in factory, mine or hazardous work environment. Non-compliance of labor laws very costly. Employees can recover unpaid wages going back 2 years and as much as 3 years and doubled as â€Å"liquidated damages† if the employer violation is proven as deliberate or intentional. Furthermore, one employee’s successful recovery unpaid wages and liquidated damages will most likely trigger a class action suit resulting in more financial risks. Child labor is a serious act and transcends internationally. In the US, employers who violate child labor laws are subject to fines as high as $100,000 for each child and up to 6 months in jail. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration Act (OSHA) encourage States to develop and operate their own job safety and health programs. OSHA approves and monitors State plans and provides up to 50 percent of an approved plan’s operating costs. Minnesota is one of the 22 state that are operating the State and local government employees therefore,  Bollman Hotel Chains must comply b y enforcing the standards, provide training and education and assist in providing a safe, healthful and hazardous free workplace. The company should also consider using Globally Harmonized System (GHS) which is recommended by OSHA to establish mandatory requirement on classification criteria for health, physical and environmental hazards of chemicals to mitigate risks of health and safety violations when shipping materials or goods to India. OSHA has a published Federal Penalty schedule up to $500,000 and incarceration depending on the severity of the violation and determination whether the employer’s violation is â€Å"willful† or unintentional. Non-compliance will also result in financial risks due to the costs incurred on personal injury settlements and civil claims. It is highly recommended to recruit qualified workers in specialized fields India to ensure the company’s continued success. Conditions for the temporary and permanent employment of aliens in the United States, including provisions that address employment eligibility and employment verification are set forth under the Immigr ation and Nationality Act (INA), and employers have responsibilities under the immigration law during the recruitment process. Employers must verify the employment authorization of the individual hired after November, 1986 and retain a Form I-9 that is completed by the employee. Non-compliance by discriminating against individu ¬als on the basis of national origin, citizenship, or immigration status, and â€Å"willful† violation by hiring individuals that are unauthorized to work in the United State may be subject to fines, criminal penalties, debarment of government contracts, payment to unlawfully discriminated individuals. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was established by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to assist in the protection of US employees from discrimination. The law was the first federal law designed to protect most US employees from employment discrimination based upon that employee’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (Public Law 88-352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 253, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e et. seq.). Discriminatory practices in the workplace may result in costly fines and litigation expenses. For example, under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the employee who filed a complaint may be awar ded back pay, retroactive benefits, liquidated damages or even a job promotion. Compliance is a process of knowing the laws and developingpolicies and guidelines to implement these laws, and communicating to   organization. The following is a compliance plan to ensure full understanding of the employments laws and adherence. Employment laws are constantly challenged and changed. Establish a compliance checklist to update employment laws to stay current and update the company policy as needed. Any changes or updates must be communicated to the employee. As Bollman Hotel Chain is becoming more international, the framework of the company policy should take into account the day to day realities of working with the company and meeting the individual, collective and business objectives as well as the local entities employment laws. A collection and reporting system should be established concerning employment, working conditions, social practices and human resources in each country to ensure equal treatment and non-discrimination, respect for individuals, safe and healthy working environment and alignment of the company goals. Schedule a quarterly meeting with each manager to review the company policy. Provide formal and informal training program to all employees to bring awareness and understanding of their civil rights and employment laws. Maintain all personnel records and document all pertinent communications such as employee evaluation, annual activity discussions and professional development discussions. Finally, foster an open dialogue between managers and employees to ensure that everyone is fully engaged and committed to full compliance of the employment laws.

An Analysis of the Watergate Crisis Essay

The Watergate crisis or scandal shrouded America with an attitude of pessimism. From the people involved and the meaning of the controversy then and now, the Watergate crisis rocked the world with political conflicts and power abuse. It also involved crimes such as obstruction of justice, conspiracy, cover up, lying under oath, espionage, burglary, and concealment of evidence. The scandal was named after the Watergate hotel complex in Washington that housed the rival of President Nixon’s Republican Party, the Democratic Party. The crisis was so powerful that it resulted in the resignation of President Nixon, indictment of the President and his men, and significant media and political effects. The scandal started out with classified documents, clumsy thefts, and a trail of crimes pointing directly to Nixon’s re-election committee. Thereafter, the crisis did not stop at the tactless White House personnel or the famous President’s men. It continued all the way to Nixon himself which caused him his Oval Office. It was perceived as a political crisis created by a leader’s greed, cruelty and paranoia. Ultimately, history accounted that Nixon’s own evil foe was not his political opponents but himself. It was chronicled by several books, articles, and official and federal documents, as well as a Redford-Hoffman movie in 1976. The Watergate scandal served not only as previous catalysts of American political, social and moral changes but now more as reminders or guiding principles of American lives. Historical Summary In the history of American presidential politics, the Watergate incident was taken as the most grave and peculiar crisis or scandal. This is because of the apparent direct involvement in several crimes of the president himself and his men. In his book, â€Å"The Watergate Crisis,† Genovese (1999) described the scandal as unusual and Nixon as an unusual kind of President of the United States (Genovese, 1999). According to Genovese (1999), the cause of the Watergate scandal can be traced from the negative impacts, such as the factions, of the Vietnam War. Nixon had difficulty getting out from the said divisive war and was eventually faced with various protests. Genovese (1999) added that with pressures to stop the protests and get out of the Vietnam war with respect and dignity intact, Nixon unfortunately created a route filled with â€Å"leak plugging, wiretapping, a secret war in Cambodia, and a series of criminal acts that in the end led to his downfall and fed the already significant erosion of public trust in government† (p. 3). The same Genovese book further said that what used to be a general term that referred to the burglary of the offices of the Democratic National Committee in a Washington hotel complex resulted into various linking terminologies and included beneath it are several crimes. The crisis caused the downfall of Nixon while several highest-ranking government officials were made to serve jail terms, hurting the nation as a result (Genovese, 1999). The Watergate Break-in The Watergate break-in or burglary happened on June 17, 1972 (Sirica, 1979). During his round, a security officer of the Watergate Hotel Complex in Washington D. C. identified as Frank Willis saw a tape covering various locks of different doors in the area. Willis discreetly reported the matter to the police and thereafter, five burglars were arrested. The five men were suspected of illegally wiretapping and stealing classified documents inside the office of the Democratic National Committee or DNC (Sirica, 1979). The suspects were identified in the book of Dickinson, Cross and Polsky (1973) as â€Å"Virgilio Gonzales, Bernard Barker, James W. McCord, Jr. , Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis. † The suspects, later uncovered as former CIA and FBI agents, were â€Å"charged with attempted burglary and attempted interception of telephone and other communications† (Dickinson, Cross & Polsky, 1973). Five men and two other suspects, identified as E. Howard Hunt, Jr. and Gordon Liddy, were accused by a grand jury of â€Å"conspiracy, burglary and violation of federal wiretapping laws† on September 15, 1972. It was also discovered after investigation that the suspects’ goal was to plant a bug in the office of DNC Chairman, Larry O’Brien (Lewis, 1972). A multi-investigation conducted by the U. S. Congress, FBI and media revealed that the direct or indirect connection of the seven suspects to Nixon’s Re-election committee. Nixon initially said that his aides were not involved in the case. The cover-up was later disclosed and exposed irregularities and illegal activities of the Nixon Re-election committee. The results of the investigation concluded that the re-election committee â€Å"received covert campaign funds from big companies, played dirty tricks on Democratic candidates during the 1972 election campaign, attempted to use the FBI and other government agencies against political enemies, and set up a secret group to carry out unlawful activities against political enemies† (cited in Scholastic, 1989). In view of this, America and the world were then convinced of a conspiracy linking the President and his men. The suspects who broke into O’Brien’s office and the President’s men involved were tried and eventually convicted in 1973. The following year, the bungled break-in eventually caused Nixon his position as he resigned as the President of the United States on August 9, 1974 (Scholastic, 1989). The Washington Post Investigation The Watergate scandal was publicized by The Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein through a confidential but reliable source whom they named â€Å"Deep Throat. † An initial headline of â€Å"Five Held in Plot to Bug Democratic Offices Here,† that appeared at the bottom of the newspaper’s page one on Sunday, June 18, 1972, signaled the Washington Post’s investigation. The two young reporters wrote the arrest of a group of former FBI and CIA agents who â€Å"broke into, illegally wiretapped and stole classified documents from the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington† (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 1,† 2008). Bernstein and Woodward were intrigued with the details of the story and the turn of events. Citing police sources, Woodward wrote that the burglars â€Å"came from Miami, wore surgical gloves and carried thousands of dollars in cash† (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 1,† 2008). The break-in appeared to be â€Å"a professional type operation,† added Woodward (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 1,† 2008). As told by the Washington post and its reporters, the intriguing yet interesting developments of the story shook Washington for two years, resulted into the resignation of Nixon and eventually created political impacts (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 1,† 2008). According to an online compilation of the Watergate events posted at the Washington Post’s site, Woodward and Bernstein became part of the various revelatory articles that the said newspaper published. Thereafter, the succeeding Washington Post coverage of the Watergate scandal further exposed the involvement of several of the President’s men and the ultimate link of Nixon and his campaign funds to the various crimes. The newspaper’s account of the scandal also ran the grand jury investigation that identified and indicted â€Å"All the President’s Men† for their respective involvement in the crimes (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 1,† 2008). A significant mark of the Washington Post and â€Å"Bernstein† reporting of the Watergate scandal was â€Å"Deep Throat. † A confidential source by Woodward, â€Å"Deep Throat† was identified only in 2005 or 33 years later as Mark Felt. He was the second highest-ranking FBI official who at the height of the scandal, confirmed or denied information to the two reporters and guided them to pursue specific leads (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 1,† 2008). A string of exclusives by Woodward and Bernstein and the determination of Post publisher Katherine Graham to expose the truth made the FBI finally penetrated the White House denials and the conduct of the grand jury investigation. This momentum led to the loss of job, prosecution and conviction of the involved officials of the Nixon administration and ultimately the impeachment against the President and his eventual resignation on August 8, 1974. Nixon’s successor, President Ford, granted the former â€Å"full, free and absolute pardon† one month later (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 3,† 2008). The Government Investigation The Watergate probe called for the courts, the Congress, and a special prosecutor to investigate its top-to-bottom connections to the White House. According to the same Washington Post online source, the investigation involved Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox, North Carolina Senator Sam Ervin and the FBI. Woodward and Bernstein stories reported the eventual breaking out of Nixon’s men from his administration and the disclosure of events that were linked to the scandal. One example was the revelation of secret tapes that further exposed Nixon’s involvement. The deep connection of Nixon resulted into a firestorm of firings called â€Å"the Saturday Night Massacre. † Amid impeachment against the President, he still denied accusations and stayed in his office (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 2,† 2008). The Watergate Scandal and Nixon In his book, Genovese (1999) noted that Nixon was a â€Å"complex, multidimensional figure, a man of many contradictions. † (p. 57). Genovese (1999) said that these characteristics of Nixon and the Watergate crisis were manifestations of â€Å"a period of presidential lawlessness unprecedented in American history† (p. 57). Nixon was an example of a president who initially took an oath to â€Å"faithfully execute† the law but eventually went beyond and broke it (Genovese, 1999, p. 69). As a result, the Watergate scandal created several questions about the American constitution and democracy (Genovese, 1999). Nixon’s initial show of defense rooted from the solid support of his men eventually cracked down and led to his televised resignation. During his televised speech, Nixon states, by taking this action, I hope that I will have hastened the start of the process of healing which is so desperately needed in America. I deeply regret any injuries that may have been done in the course of the events that led to this decision. Those who hate you don’t win unless you hate them, and then you destroy yourself (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 3,† 2008). Ford was sworn into office the next day but pardoned Nixon a month after. The events did not stop there as the influence of the scandal continued. The interconnecting controversies ignited a fresh and lasting doubt about American politics. It created new American political words and made the Congress approve laws concerning campaign finance reforms as well as investigation on the functions of CIA and several agencies of the government. Woodward and Bernstein’s coverage was turned into a book and a hit movie entitled â€Å"All the President’s Men† which instilled American media with a fresh harmful advantage. The scandal brought lasting and immeasurable effects on American politics (â€Å"The Watergate Story Part 3,† 2008). American Politics and Media Genovese (1999) affirmed the impression of Washington Post mentioned previously and stated that the Watergate scandal changed American politics and the issue of presidential corruption (Genovese, 1999). He added that, because of the crisis, the media became more interfering and subjective, the public became more distrustful and indifferent about its government, the relation between the executive and legislative branches of the government became unpleasant and factious and partisan conflicts became more intense (Genovese, 1999). Conclusion The Watergate crisis left profound and detrimental effects on American politics and history in general. It has resulted into distrust among the government officials and a wider gap between the branches of the government. Another effect of the scandal was that it made the succeeding Presidents more susceptible to the criticisms and suggestions of the public. The Nixon presidency has left a mark on the American politics which harmed the present list of presidents. The scandal has undeniably affected the political agenda of the succeeding presidents who were subjected to the scrutiny of the public. Nonetheless, the scandal also has its positive points to remember. These included the upholding of the freedom and power of the press as well as the effectivity of the justice system. By themselves, Nixon and the Watergate Crisis did not cause the degradation of American politics and decline of trust to the government. Incontestably, however, the fallen President and his scandal did remold the public’s view of the American story from one of presumed good goals to one of outstanding hostility. References Dickinson, W. B. & Mercer Cross, B. P. (1973). Watergate: Chronology of a crisis. Washington D. C: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Genovese, M. A. (1999). The Watergate Crisis.London: Greenwood Press. Lewis, A. E. (1972, June 18). 5 held in plot to bug Democrats’ office here. The Washington Post, A01. Retrieved from http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2002/05/31/AR2005111001227_pf. html Scholastic, Inc. (1989). The Case of Watergate. The Presidency, Congress, and the Supreme Court. Retrieved April 19, 2008, from Scholastic database. Sirica, J. J. (1979). To set the record straight: The Break-in, the tapes, the conspirators, the pardon. New York: Norton. The Watergate Story Part 1. (2008). The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2008, from http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part1. html The Watergate Story Part 2. (2008). The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2008, from http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part2. html The Watergate Story Part 3. (2008). The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2008, from http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3. html

European Society around 1900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Society around 1900 - Essay Example The capacity to explain for the partition of the African continent has been declared an indicator of imperialism theories, and divergent hypothesis have been suggest with immense vehemence. The scale of vehemence produced in the deliberations could be clarified by the verity that numerous key queries are concerned and the diverse responses to the questions inform fundamentally diverse outlooks of historical associations between European and African subjects. The question concerns the link between Africa's partition and the expansion of European capitalism. The debate is viewed as a battle between belief in the existence of relationship between capitalism and partitioning of Africa, and the absence of such a conviction. Another question concerns the nature of partitioning process involved. The question is whether the scramble was a spontaneous unplanned process, or whether it was a deliberate decision by the partitioners. Several reasons are given for the Scramble and partition of Africa by the European colonizers. First, the Europeans seriously needed the raw materials for their industries back in Europe. Some of these raw materials were found in plenty in the African continent and had not been mined by anyone. ... The major European countries involved in the partition of Africa also believed that the holder of biggest colonial domain would be relatively superior to the rival colonialists in power. A common hypothesis given for the French involvement in colonization of Africa was the desire by the French to restore their reputation and pride after losing the Franco-Prussia war (Duignan and Gann 16). Another controversial reason forwarded for the Europeans foray into the African continent is the European obligation to dominate other non-white races. It is suggested that the Europeans believed they had a responsibility to deliver civilization to other "weaker races", by whichever means possible (voluntarily or by coercion). Later in 1899 the British and the French resolved their differences. The British acknowledged the French's Madagascar, while the French recognized the British Nigerian and Zanzibar protectorate. European socio-economic standings went through a major transformation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The reason for the intense revolution was the extraordinary growth of relations and factors of production, which is generally called Industrial Revolution; although this could appropriately be referred to as the Industrial capitalism breakthrough. This period witnessed a remarkable rise in production capacity and efficiency. Major industrial changes, that had commenced a century prior to the European colonization of Africa, received considerable boost at the onslaught of partition. The cotton industry in Britain is clear illustration of the industries that underwent major expansion at the turn of the century.

Solving Business Task Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Solving Business Task - Assignment Example We are looking for the "Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)" value, which in this case is 0.858. This is the p-value for the test. We report the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test using the  Z  statistic. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that there was no statistically different ranking score between the management team and the industry expert team (Z = -0.179, p = 0.858). Indeed, median Pain Score rating was 5.5 both management team and the industry expert team. Assessment of the correlation between the variables; table 1 below shows the correlation between the variables. It is clear from the table that the number of trips made has the strongest correlation with the dependent variable safety; the correlation coefficient is given as 0.961 which shows that the two variables have a strong linear positive relationship. Essentially, two variables have significant relationship with the dependent variable (safety). Travel has a linear negative relationship with the dependent variable safety. Using only the strongest relationship identified above, a simple model simple linear regression model which could be used to predict a customer’s rating of safety was developed. Based on the above results, we construct a model of safety being predicted by number of trips (since number of trips had the strongest relationship); the model equation is given as follows; Using the above model, we can forecast (predict) the dependent variable. First, it can be observed that given zero trips one would expect the rating for safety on the system to be 1.349. However, there is a positive relationship between number of trips and the rating for safety on the system; the coefficient for the number of trips is given as 0.108, this means that for any unit increase in the number of trips, one would expect the rating for safety on the system to increase by 0.108. From the given model, it can be seen that the value of

Foundation and library services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foundation and library services - Essay Example FLS will be established within foundation campus so as to help students to get their required text books, journals and other printed handouts. FLS will aim at distributing university level books to students and staff of university. The university will deliver a number of courses and the library service will meet needs of students belonging to different streams. The textbooks include media, science, business, literature and many more. FLS will also provide printing services to students in the campus, which is needed quite often. Both textbooks and printing services are directed at UK based students and also internationals students who come to Sunderland for higher studies. FLS also advises international students regarding preparation of student card and accommodation. FLS helps international students to arrange good accommodation facilities and maintain their comfort level in the campus by providing necessary details and rules (Makakane, 2013). FLS will also plan for few activities after classes for students as after a hectic day in classes, they require time for personal needs and relaxation. The activities include free vi deo game and indoor games parlour that will be placed in a separate section from the library. The requirements of the students will be monitored and will be sorted out as soon as possible (Ferrell, 2012). The main vision of FLS is to become one of the leading libraries in Sunderland and gain profit. FLS believes in customer loyalty by satisfying students with services provided, which raises demand for books. FLS is also planning for future expansion into other campuses i.e. London. However, the expansion plan will be executed after three years of its commencement in Sunderland campus. FLS aims at providing wider variety of books to students and staff, which helps them to guide during the course. The library will provide 24X7 services

Has the UK government engaged in the politics of panic over counter Essay

Has the UK government engaged in the politics of panic over counter terrorism If so, how has this affected its counter terrorism policy - Essay Example Even though the Irish republican army was suppressed by the UK government, its repercussions are now started to develop. Moreover the government is also faced with a challenging task to tackle the rising Islamic terrorists. The armed forces of UK have gained valuable experience and expertise in counterterrorism activities through three decades of fighting the Irish republican army. This involvement was quite surprising because the understandable preoccupation with terrorists in Northern Ireland diverted the attention of British intelligence agencies from international terrorism. Before the bombing of the Pan Am flight over Lockerby, the British agencies were only engaged in dealing with the Irish nationalist. But after the indictment of two Libyan nationals, the agencies reach and scope has drastically widened. During the mid 1990’s, the UK intelligence agencies and the police were quite sure that their land was used as a base by individuals and groups for promoting, funding, and planning terrorism. However these individuals were not found by the agencies as a threat to UK. Therefore they were left to continue their activities. This policy caused wide spread anger among many foreign governments including allies of the UK government. By giving low priority to international terrorism, the British authorities did not fully understand the threat from Al Qaeda. The failure of the British intelligence agencies including that of other western agencies led to the 9/11 attacks on US soil. The Al Qaeda with its deadly networks has caused headaches for the UK authorities in recent years. The threat from AL Qaeda has increased because of the participation of UK in Afghanistan and Iraq. The UK intelligence agencies have also played a major role in destabilizing the networks of the terror organiz ation as well as blocking its funding. The counter terrorism policy

Verizon or GAP Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Verizon or GAP Inc - Research Paper Example Legal, Social and Economic Environment Given its broad range of products and services, together with the intense competition that is prevalent in the telecommunications industry, Brien (2010) believes that the external environment plays an influential role in determining Verizon’s goals and business strategy. Apart from fulfilling the needs of customers, Verizon is also involved extensively in complying with regulatory requirements besides developing better strategies to tackle its competitors. Winer (2011) analyzed Verizon using an elaborate SWOT analysis and concluded that the company is best placed in terms of marketing as it is an established and recognized brand across the United States and in other countries. However, Bohlander (2009) argues that the company faces multiple threats across legal, social and economic environments. He states that customers have largely refrained from using wireless technologies in favor of long distance services that are offered by local pro viders. While Verizon has the potential to overcome this trend by expanding its wireless services into newer markets, it will be difficult to offset this threat completely (Winer, 2011). The global financial crisis and the resulting decline in economic activity have had an impact on the telecommunications sector. ... For instance, Verizon is now required to lease its access lines to these local exchange carriers at two-fifths of the prevailing market rates. This has not only reduced the barriers to entry for the local exchange carriers, but has also diminished Verizon’s market share (Bohlander, 2009). The FCC’s actions towards reducing most barriers to entry and enhancing the level of market competition has intensified the rivalry among all major players in the telecommunications industry besides eroding several strategic advantages that were enjoyed by established firms like Verizon for over five decades. Customers no longer face any additional switching costs for changing service providers while new entrants to the market receive significant financial backing from the FCC in addition to adequate network capacity. Despite these disadvantageous factors, Verizon enjoys a strong and recognized brand identity and elaborate distribution channels that cannot be matched by newer rivals ov er the next few years (Altmann, 2008). Better economies of scale are however expected to erode over time as the level of competition intensifies in the market. Managerial, Operational, and Financial issues The increasing competition in the telecommunications industry implies that the success of most projects undertaken by Verizon depends on efficient workflows, reduced costs, quicker turnarounds and creation of better values. Altmann (2008) says that achieving these objectives requires the development of advanced strategies that offer a unique challenge to larger, hierarchical organizations. Wallace (2010) explains that Verizon has adapted to this evolving business environment by

Assignment on Geology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment on Geology - Essay Example 349). If a supervolcano erupted, the effects would be catastrophic. The Lake Toba eruption, which occurred in what is now Sumatra and Indonesia approximately 74,000 years ago, plunged the earth into a volcanic winter and killed approximately 60% of the human population at the time. There are all kinds of reasons people live near a volcano. The reasons are similar to why people live near other hazards. People tend to live where they have roots, regardless of the potential risks. Fortunately, scientists have set up risk assessments. For example, scientists have developed an extensive series of protocols for the residents living near the Soufriere Hills Volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. This volcano was dormant for almost one hundred years before becoming active again in 1995, and has continued to erupt ever since. It eruptions have resulted in over half of Montserrat becoming uninhabitable. There are those who have remained, though. In response to the few that have stubbornly refused to leave their home, scientists founded what eventually became the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) immediately after the first phreatic explosions on July 18, 1995 (MVO.ms n.p.). As a result of the MVO’s research, the Soufriere Hills Volcano has become one of the most closely monitored volcanoes in the world. Monitoring of this volcano is done by measuring the deformation of its flanks and dome, by measuring the ambient sulphur dioxide concentrations at ground level, by recording and analyzing volcanic earthquakes, and by visual observations (â€Å"Monitoring n.p.). The MVO publishes their regular reports and risk assessments on their website, and prints leaflets and posters to disseminate throughout the island. The Montserrat government and the MVO have adopted risks assessments since the 1995 eruption, the most recent version being the â€Å"Hazard Level System,† which has been used since August 2008. It divides the southern two-thirds of

The Value of Ethical Theories for Providing Moral Decisions Essay

The Value of Ethical Theories for Providing Moral Decisions - Essay Example When a person tries to achieve something with a help of cheating, he exposes weakness and inability to reach the goal with own strength. Such person shows the lack of any respect to the sport rules and regulations. The most important thing for him is a victory, disregarding the ways of getting it. However, real sportsman is able to cherish winning as well as the process of competition and game per se equally, because only in a fair game it is possible to enjoy the moment of victory in the fullest way. The queries of breaking rules are the problems of neglect of sport ethics along with existence of weak moral principles.In addition to personal understanding of what is acceptable and what is not, there is also a matter of existed NCAA rules that seem to be not effective. In this respect, it is very essential to provide higher academic standards with reviewed rule book and set new parameters for athletic scholarships. As Nevin Shapiro stated, â€Å"I did it because I could and because nobody stepped in to stop me†. It is well known that NCAA can not control boosters, donators and mentors, but players, coaches and their assistants should be always under careful watch. The consequences of the Miami’s scandal lie not on the players, who, perhaps, due to own young age did not realize what they were doing, but on coaches, who overlooked the situation or merely concealed it.Consequently, for not losing self-respect and recognition of surrounded people, it is vital to comply with main rules in a fair sport competition.

Comparing the Herakles Myth with Joseph Campbells Hero Myth List Essay Example for Free

Comparing the Herakles Myth with Joseph Campbells Hero Myth List Essay Karen Wagner World Mythology September 27th 2012 Essay #1 Herakles, or more commonly known as Hercules according to Disney is probably one of the most popular myths people have seen or heard, but could Herakles’ myth follow Joseph Campbell’s Hero myth list. Carl Jung defined an archetype myth or Jungian archetype as a pattern of thought that can be translated to â€Å"worldwide parallels† (â€Å"The Columbian Encyclopedia†) that the human race experiences as a culture or an individual. The myth of Herakles includes parts that compare to the Hero Archetype, but there are also parts that do not fit the archetype at all. Joseph Campbell’s list of myths for the common hero includes a list that does and does not relate to the story of Herakles. Herakles’ journey begins from the shared birth from his mother Alcmena, father Zeus and half-brother Iphikles. Hera (Zeus’ wife) decides to take revenge because of the affair Zeus had with Alcmena for Herakles. One the morning Herakles was supposed to be born Zeus had made a previous oath stating the son of his bloodline through Pereus who was born that morning would rule Mycenae. Hera made sure Zeus swore to this and sent down the goddess of childbirth Eileithuia to slow the birthing process. A sly serving girl named Galanthis had told the goddess of childbirth that Alcmena had her twins, once Eileithuia’s guard was down and so was her spell. Alcmena bore twins and Herakles was not the first born, one was the son of Amphitryon and the other Zeus. Hera decides to take action by putting snakes in the twins’ crib in hopes to â€Å"destroy Zeus’ latest offspring† (Martin 148), while Iphikles only wailed, Herakles decided to strangle both snakes to death, identifying the true son of Zeus. Amphitryon stated, â€Å"well, that one’s not my boy† (Martin 148). Herakles grew up quickly, learning his new found strength through his human father and other relatives. His first official voluntarily task was to eliminate the lion with impenetrable hide from Mt. Kithairon. Once the beast was defeated, Herakles skinned the lion and wore his mane and head as a trophy and as a form of protection (Martin 153). Herakles continued doing many labors for different people throughout a large portion of his life; he lay with many women, and marries a few as well. Herakles did some wrong doings and towards the end of his mortal life he dies and becomes immoral, forever to live on in myth. Joseph Campbell’s monomyth list for mythological adventures magnifies the formula described in the rites of passage: Departure—initiation—return. Campbell’s list for the hero archetype can be compared to Herakles, while other parts do the opposite. The first stage of the hero’s’ journey is their birth; Campbell goes into explaining that the birth involves â€Å"fabulous circumstances surrounding conception, birth, and childhood† (Campbell). Herakles’ birth could be seen under fabulous circumstances, an affair, another child, and two dead snakes on the first night; Campbell’s second stage is the â€Å"Call to Adventure† (Campbell), Herakles whilst working on his human father’s cattle ranch heard news of a lion killing the family cows, he volunteers to rid the beast and is successful in the end. Herakles had helpers throughout his journeys, such as Apollo’s grandson Eurytos teaching him archery (Martin 150) or Atlas assisting Herakles in getting the Golden Apples as one of his labors, but not from a specific being or person alone. This being a piece of the myth that doesn’t exactly fit into Campbell’s list but can still compare. Campbell’s fourth entry on the list â€Å"Crossing the Threshold† somewhat relates to Herakles’ story in that he does travel 30 days to defeat the mother of all lions, another with impenetrable hide. Campbell’s crossing the threshold entry explains that the hero must undergo a task or event that takes the hero from everyday life into the â€Å"world of adventure† (Campbell); this could be something small from traveling to a cave or traveling for 30 days. One of the major parts of the myth of Herkales is his love for labors he provides for his people, this definitely relates to Campbell’s work, in that his number five explains the tests the hero must go through, involving a series of monsters and traveling to different worlds and each conquered task increases said hero’s ability to overcome even stronger encounters he will face. Campbell’s number six on his list goes into the helpers the hero will encounter through his journey, this also relates to Herakles. There were parts in his myth where Herakles needed assistance, for example when Herakles wanted to get the golden apples as one of his labors, he asked Atlas to go and he would hold up the heavens until he returned, even though Herakles sort of deceived Atlas in the end, he was still of assistance to the hero. The climax and final battle of Herakles involved his attempt at sacrifice and a struggle to continue living. He was given a cloak that was accidentally poisoned by his wife Deianeira with a previous enemies’ blood that mixed in with the blood he dipped his arrows from one of his labors. The cloak began to tighten around the hero and poison him; he sought revenge on his wife to discover she already killed herself in learning what she had done. Herakles’ myth doesn’t have a happy ending like Campbell’s list basically says in 9, 10, and 11, Herakles’ dies to live on forever immorally, or in this case actually passed but his fame lives on, his story is continued being told and he is recognized as a Greek hero, without any sort of â€Å"elixir† Campbell mentioned in his list, feasting with the gods and his god parents, Zeus and Hera (Martin 179), the mother who was trying to rid him from the beginning. Campbell’s list is to describe how a hero myth translates to actual events and situations people encounter in their lives while growing up, there is an underlying meaning to each situation that happens to the hero. While some parts did relate to Campbell’s list, overall Herakles’ myth strays away from following his list, although there are parts that do relate, the myth is still completely different from Campbell’s interpretation and Jung’s archetype definition, giving Herakles his own myth and his own journey that’s not as cliche from the rest of the myths in the world.

Abuse of power Vs Spiritual Redemption Essay Example for Free

Abuse of power Vs Spiritual Redemption Essay The Tempest is full of different themes that work perfectly to bring out the mastery of Shakespeare. However, two themes that stand out in the play, and they have been the source of much debate over the years. Both themes are backed with incredible, pinpoint accurate evidence over the dominance of the other. Over the years, scholars have found it hard to settle on one theme being dominant over the other, but with an analysis of the evidence presented on both counts, the decision is left to the reader of the play or the audience for that matter. The first theme that stands out is; spiritual redemption and goodwill. It can be explained in the play through the character Prospero whereby he struggles, loses his kingdom, finds another and learns from his past in order not to have history repeat itself. In the world crested by The Tempest, through Prospero, Shakespeare tries to examine the human condition of sin, redemption and goodwill. At the beginning of the play, the audience is made aware that Prospero was a Duke of Milan but his brother Antonio, with the king’s consent, took his Dukedom away from him. During his tenure as Duke, Prospero was more concerned with education and magic than he was ruling his kingdom. For this reason, Antonio was able to take advantage and win over the hearts of the people of Milan, which consequently led to the usurping of Prospero from his dukedom, but with help from the King of Naples. Prospero was then exiled with his daughter Miranda, on a wrecked boat where they ended up on an island. Here, Prospero learned the values of authority by turning Caliban into a slave under his command. At one point, his slave alongside two other men tried to kill him but he manipulated them and changed their minds completely. When the shipwrecked men had been brought to him, he could have chosen to exact his revenge and kill them, but he was kind to them. In so doing, Prospero found redemption for his sin as a previously failed ruler. The other theme that stands out is that of Colonial Abuse of Power. In almost every scene, there is a portrayal of power whereby there is a character that has power over the other. The relationship of Prospero and Caliban is that of master and slave and this stands out throughout the play, where Caliban submits to Prospero. The Tempest brings to light the theme of colonization when in 1610, the Sea Adventure to Virginia ended in shipwreck in Bermuda. Also, the anagram of the name Caliban is derived from the name cannibal which shows a difference in cultures. This also shows that Caliban was the native of the island that Prospero had asserted himself as king. Propsero’s relationship with Ariel also demonstrated the intense theme of power. Ariel is a spirit but she is submissive to Prospero, by saying â€Å"All hail, Great master† In both themes, there is enough evidence to warrant a discussion, but to my opinion, I think that the theme of spiritual redemption and goodwill is most dominant. Primarily, this is because the use and abuse of power is an age-old tradition that never seizes. However, the act of Prospero showing mercy stands out because as royalty, there is a need to show humility and making decisions not out of feeling, but out of reason. Thus, the theme of spiritual redemption and goodwill is most convincing in all manners and rights. Source document

Discourse Analysis on Psychological Knowledge Production

Discourse Analysis on Psychological Knowledge Production Putting Critical Psychology into Practice: A discourse analysis of the production of psychological knowledge; How I live with schizophrenia interview by STELLA BREEZE, Daily Mail 4th November 2003 In this assignment an article featured in the Daily Mail newspaper on the 4th of December 2003 was chosen to be analysed by way of discourse analysis. The article concerned an account of a scientific researchers coming to terms with a mental illness. Diagnosed with Schizophrenia, the individual giving her account elaborated upon what her condition meant to her, how it had been present in her history and who and how others involved in her life had helped her to cope with it. An attempt was made to draw out her perception of this reality inherent to her account, whilst applying it to an established school of psychological knowledge. A critical examination was undergone by way of comparison of her accounted reality and an epistemological model of psychological knowledge. The chosen school of psychological knowledge in this analysis was social constructionism. According to theorists, Social constructionism is based upon the fracture of modernist ideas such as objectivity, rationality and truth (Burr, 1995). It belongs primarily to post-modern thinking and is concerned with how realities are constructed by the subject. It is an epistemology that is heavily concerned with three main principles: the principle of construction, the principle of social and the principle of language (Burr, 1998). It is believed that the individual must construct a reality and live and think within that construction. It is believed that unlike traditional constructivism that the construct is informed and perceived by the locality and proximity of the individual to their society. Furthermore, the construct, in relation to its society, can be understood through the language of that society’s culture. Language is believed to represent what is understood within the language but not what is outside of the language itself (Cromby et al, 1999). That is to say, tha t the language represents a reality reflected by societal values and shared understanding rather than something that exists extrinsically. Essentially, social constructionism is concerned with the usefulness of theories, ideas and points of view contained within someone’s language construct in relation to the power that it ordains certain groups and the action that it gives to the functioning of the people within those groups. Essentially, the psychology of an individual is seen as being immersed within the locality of their culture and cannot have their mind removed from this subjective reality. From a psychological perspective, given the qualitative nature of social constructionism, its use of discourse analysis, its rejection of quantitative methods and objectivity, truth and rationality to gather defining data, it was decided that discourse analysis was the best thing to suit this epistemological analysis. The tendency with social constructionism is to draw out the locali sed meaning of an individual’s account. Or as the social contructionist and analyst Megan points out ‘It is human interchange that gives language its capacity to mean and it must stand as the critical locus of concern’ (Megan, 1994). It is with this in mind, that an analysis was undergone. In the account we see that the person involved has used her scientific definitions and knowledge of schizophrenia to identify her condition. In her account she continually uses the language and construct of scientific rationality to objectify her experience and construct a reality in keeping with that perceived in the psychological domain. For instance, she accounts for her being schizophrenic as different from the norm throughout the accounts of her past. She explains that it became prevalent to her in her first year at university but was easily dismissed due to the culture of the time. She emphasises the importance of social recognition, suggesting that in her teens her different behaviour was not recognised as the culture of the time was understood as having ‘bizarre’ expression (Breeze, 2003). In this we can see that she is indicating to us that she felt bound by social convention, in that it was hard to establish at the time that she was mentally ill (schizophrenic) . However, now she perceives it as such, as the established scientific rational of her current position allows her to interpret her behaviour of that time as such. This is perhaps why she defines herself as a long term schizophrenic and indicates a strong identity with being a sufferer with that condition, which ultimately forms the basic premise for her reality construct. She strengthens this idea of scientific rationality when she empowers herself with the ability to determine her condition. For instance, she states that ‘reluctantly, I agreed to see a psychiatrist on campus and persuaded him that I was OK. I was asked if I had been hearing voices or ever felt I was in a different world, but I just lied and said I was fine. I wasnt diagnosed with schizophrenia for another six years’ (Breeze, 2003). In this we see that she determines that the Doctor’s description of a split world outside of the one defined by the scientific social norm, is true. Whilst acknowled ging that this is the truth she establishes that her denial of these symptoms as lies to avoid being identified as mentally ill. This shows that she is rationalising by splitting her experiential life into that of a normal and objective reality and a confused and subjective sureality as is often prescribed by the reasoning of society and scientific discourse when concerned with behaviours outside of the norm (Bandura, 1986). Having established a real world of socially defined normal behaviour and a foiled world of surreality and madness that defines the schizophrenic stereotype, we see how she comes to terms with the people around her. In her acceptance of the condition and the two worlds as one she states that ‘it was then that it really hit me and I had to deal with everything that goes with the label. Schizophrenia is such a powerful word. I could no longer deny that I had a serious and chronic mental illness’ (Breeze, 2003). We can see here that she is taking into account the discourse of schizophrenia and the stereotypes and social stigma (ignorance) that go with it. She acknowledges that because now her condition has been given a word and therefore set in language, she can no longer deny it. It is not so much the inability to deny having the condition itself, as she clearly identified from a young age that she did have a difference to the perceived norm, but the inability to deny the s ocially constructed idea of schizophrenia that pertains to language and discourse. At this point she goes onto explain the reality of living with her condition in terms of social impact. She states that she ’didnt tell my parents for another two years after I was diagnosed. When I finally did, I said I had mental health problems. They were shocked and worried at first, but have been very supportive, as have my brother and sister’ (Breeze, 2003). Furthermore, she outlines the further reaching social reality that sufferers of the condition must endure. She suggests that ’getting a job is the most difficult thing for sufferers. Id prefer to get in front of people and show them never be dishonest about it, but theres the fear that your CV will automatically be binned if they know’ (Breeze, 2003). This fear of alienation from social normality is heightened with her notion that ’maybe they assume youre going to be unreliable or will take a lot of time of f sick. A lot of people deal with the illness by denial its just that this is an illness’. Here she clearly identifies herself (and any other sufferer) as needing to confront the reality of schizophrenia. But what is the reality of this schizophrenia? Turning to her ‘utterances’ and their significance may give a better indication (Aitchison, 2005, p.42). Through her usage of the words ‘need’ and ‘denial’ whilst determining the action she deems required to facilitate her condition we can see that she is detaching her schizophrenia from her reality construct once again. She has determined that those around her have sympathy and compassion for her condition, like that understood in the research of familial constructs (Robert, 1951). However, we also see the suspicion of the wider reaching social bonds where the ideas of sympathy and compassion are not so commonly found. In these accounts we see that she does not necessarily identify her sc hizophrenia as a part of her reality, but that it is a mental illness that she has to compensate for. Having established the history of her condition and coming to terms with being identified as a person with a schizophrenic condition, she then talks of the reality of her condition, diagnosing it and accounting for it in terms of symptoms. This forms the reality of her schizophrenia in terms of symptoms and episodes; of potentially damaging and unsociable behaviour that need to be alleviated. The focus is put on the need to alleviate these symptoms, much like that of a cold, so that she can operate and function in accordance to social and cultural norms. In this definition of her experiences we see that she spends little time entertaining any notions of significance or attempts to construct meaning for the voices in her head in any way whatsoever. Other than them being defined as a symptom and ultimately a nuisance, she gives them no regard in her account. For instance, she explains that ‘Ive also learnt to be better at spotting the signs. I stop things getting out of hand by t rying to get enough rest and relaxation. I also avoid anything that may exacerbate the symptoms, such as drinking alcohol, watching TV which sends me messages and going out in large groups‘(Breeze, 2003). This certainly indicates that her treatment of this condition is not dissimilar to that of a socially unwanted vice. Furthermore, we can see that she will take social sacrifices due to the idea and significance that she impinges upon these symptoms as indicators of madness within her socially constructed reality. She seems to place a responsibility of the removal of her perceived madness for the benefit of normal society at the heart of her account. This discourse of madness or surreal otherness is at the heart of the socially constructed ideology of sane and is clearly the thing that she fears to enter into. As the post modern critic Roland Bartes puts it, ’Imagine someone who abolishes within himself all barriers, all classes, all exclusions, not by syncretism but by simple discard of that old spectre: logical contradiction; who mixes every language, even those said to be incompatible; who silently accepts every charge of illogicality, of incongruity; who remains passive in the face of Socratic irony (leading the interlocutor to the supreme disgrace: self-contradiction) and legal terrorism (how much penal evidence is based on a psychology of consistency!). Such a man would be the mockery of our society: court, school, asylum, polite conversation would cast him out: who endures contradiction without shame? Now this anti-hero exists: he is the reader of the text at the moment he takes his pleasure.’ (Bartes, 1975, p.3) With this statement we can see how Bartes highlights the strength of social construction as an informer of the way in which we objectify knowledge so that we can perceive things as sane and insane from the perspective of language. Clearly challenging and indicating the flaw in ’Cartesian’ scientific rationality as the governor of what is sane and insane, he suggests that someone who challenges this and essentially sees outside of their localised knowledge construct and its discourse of a socially governed language would be made a mockery of by that society. He even refers to this in terms of conversation, which is what is referred to directly in the account. This is clearly the biggest fear present in the account and central to the person’s definition of her condition in terms of understanding, rationalising and formation of a reality construct. She is essentially using what Homi Bhabha, a post-colonial critic and cynic of established schools of psychological tho ught, particularly in the West, refers to as the technique of applying a ’localised cultural’ definition of her condition and applying it to an illusory ’universal’ truth (Bhabha, 1994, p,62). Essentially, her reality is that her condition is an insane or ’mad’ other that is signified in accordance to the socially constructed sane that is represented in her localised bi-polar language system. The role of ‘agency’ also plays a significant part in her account (Smith, 2001, P.2). On highlighting a very clear socially defined split between what is sane behaviour and what is insane behaviour, she suggests that although not wanting to, she feels relief when she enters the hospital. On craving a perceived agency prevalent in her accordance to the principles of scientific rationality, she feels calm at the removal from society so that she no longer needs to actively suppress and be conscious of the onset of the insane other. She tells us that, ‘Finding it hard to trust your own judgment is part and parcel of the illness. For instance, if there was a noise outside that I couldnt account for I might think it was the voices, so sometimes Id ask Mike or a friend: Is that real? Its still not perfect and I still go in and out of hospital. I hate going doing it, but once I am there, there is a feeling of relief.’ (Breeze, 2003) During this account we can see that she again makes no indication as to what the meanings of her voices are or what they may signify. Instead she focuses upon them in terms of unwanted symptoms. We can see that she has removed agency away from a coming to terms with her disease in a personal manner and toward a constant and vigilant guardianship over her perceived sanity. It would seem that with her being taken into hospital her account ends and she does not extrapolate on any of the findings or experiences within the hospital, as if the committing of herself to hospital brings closure to her discourse. Essentially, that her madness and insanity that bears no significance in her discourse of rationality and sanity has no place in the scientifically established social construction of knowledge. In this she indicates that she has become a patient to her condition, rather than a polemic agent to the condition, which brings her much needed relief. It is not so much that her symptoms are being alleviated, but that her symptoms are being taken away from societal knowledge and its rational discourse of the sane. In her conclusion we see how she perceives the stereotypes of schizophrenia as madness. Trying to steer away from the demonisation of schizophrenics that she feels is perpetuated by the media and other sources of social informants she suggests that, ‘The perception of people with schizophrenia still hasnt gone away. On the whole, people with schizophrenia are not violent. Obviously it happens because you read stories about it, but people with schizophrenia are more likely to harm themselves than anyone else.’ (Breeze, 2003) In this concluding account we can see that she is concerned with the image of schizophrenics as an unpredictable and essentially violent group of people. She seems to present herself as a schizophrenic who is rational, in control and above all sane, albeit with a mental illness that can and must be controlled. It would appear that she is trying to appeal to socially constructed definitions and ideas of rationality that can be understood within the culture and language system of English. Entering into a rational discourse that positions the insanity of the schizophrenic as sane, yet subordinate, she succeeds in what De Kaster refers to as ‘The mapping of implicit stories and discourse, that live underground [and] offer opportunities to open a broad discussion, in which the dominant discourse or story can be challenged’ (De Koster et al, 2004). It would appear that she has succeeded in attacking the perception that exists in the socially constructed language of the insane so that ‘alternative paths are being uncovered, choices have to be justified, resulting in an emancipation effect, which, in the long term, can support personal and social changes‘ (De Koster et al, 2004). However, in accordance to the epistemological thought of social constructionism this definition does not necessarily represent a truth. Merely one of many possible truths. Similarly, it is not without critique. Some schools of thought related to social constructionism would argue that this interpretation itself suffers from objectifying her experience (Fry et al, 1997). Others would argue that there is an objective reality from which experience can be measured (Smith, 2000). Although language is a component of ideology and experience can be understood as subjective, there is a physical world whereby experience can be measured. The lengths to which this can be fully drawn out by social constructionism are not as yet established. Bibliography Aitchison, J., (2005) Words of the Mind London: Blackwell Bandura, A,. (1986) Social Foundations of Thought AND Action New Jersey: Prentice Hall Bartes, R,. (1975) The Pleasure of the Text, Canada: Harper Collins. Bhabha, H., (1994) The Location of Culture New York: Routledge Breeze, S., (2003) How I live with schizophrenia London: Daily Mail Burr,V,. (1995) An Introduction to Social Constructionism, London: Routledge. Burr, V. (1998) ‘Overview: realism, relativism, social constructionism and discourse.’ In Parker, I (Ed.) Social Constructionism, Discourse and Realism. London: Sage. Cromby, J Nightingale, D (1999) Social constructionist psychology. London: Sage. De Koster Katerin (2004) Two practices, one perspective, many constructs: on the implications of social constructionism on scientific research and therapy. Taken from: http://www.centroditerapiastrategica.org/journal english 1/Articoli_Inglese/de koster.pdf Fox,D Prilleltensky,I (1997) Critical Psychology: An introduction, London Sage Gregan, K., (1994) An Invitation to Social Constructionism London: Sage Smith, J., (2000) The Psychology of Action London: McMillan Rogers, C., (1951) Client centred therapy Boston: Houghton Mifflin