Nietzsches Superman Essay - 1056 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Though when most people think of superheroes they think of the type with super powers, the original idea of the ‘superman’ was developed by Friedrich Nietzsche in the 1800s. The ubermensch (literally overman in German) never had extra-ordinary powers and wasn’t developed as the protector of man. Instead, the superman is a person who has overcome all the flaws of mankind and is essentially ‘perfect.’ This idea, though it was thought of as an ideal goal that all people should strive for, has almost completely been used for less-than-good agendas. The details of what Nietzsche’s superman is supposed to be and how that compares with how it was used to the advantage of many dictatorships and other oppressive†¦show more content†¦He felt the idea of the superman as well as other Nietzsche writings gave him and the Nazis the right and the reason to take over what they wished and impose the beliefs they wished. In fact , Hitler believed himself to be a superman. This belief is evident by the way Hitler acted during his reign as the leader of the Nazi party. The attempted destruction of the Jewish people as a race was actually based on writings by Nietzsche. In Hitler’s mind the Jews were inferior and therefore no compassion should be given to them. Hitler, of course, took this once step further and actually killed many of the ‘weak.’ During World War II Hitler even issued every German soldier a copy of one of Nietzsche’s writings, Thus Spake Zarathustra. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;National Socialism and Fascism also spawned from Nietzsche and his thoughts on society. Nietzsche himself was very much socialist in his beliefs which is evident in much of what he wrote. Though socialism may seem far from Nietzsche’s idea of the superman, it is actually very close because the ruler is looked at as a superman who makes all decisions and knows what is best at all times. Thi s can be seen in many societies such as Italy and Germany in World War II, and to some extent The Soviet Union. In each of these cases the ruling party or man used Nietzsche’s beliefs to rationalize their rampant wars, hatred, and genocide. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;AShow MoreRelatedFriederich Nietzsche and His Philosophies Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesFriederich Nietzsche and His Philosophies Friederich Nietzsche was born in 1844 in the Prussian province of Saxony. He was the offspring of a long line of clergymen including his father, who was the pastor of a Lutheran congregation. His childhood was consumed with the haunting death of his father and, soon after, brother. After enrolling in school, he suffered from intense, painful headaches and myopia which caused burning sensations and blurred vision. 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But it eliminates parts of Nietzsches concept of the overman, or superman, which are essential to an understanding of this idea.    Walter Kaufmann provides a detailed analysis of Nietzsches philosophy in his work Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, a book which Thomas Mann called a work of great superiority over everything previously achieved in Nietzsche criticism and interpretation. Kaufmann outlines several essential characteristics of the overmanRead More Philosophy and Religion - Are they Compatible? Essay3652 Words   |  15 Pagesimplies that it did, at one time, have life or vitality. Friedrich Nietzsche uses this phrase to make a point, to define an event, which signifies the last mans life as pathetic. Perhaps we realize that God is not dead; perhaps our belief in God is so sure, that even contemplating Nietzsches ideas appalls us. The truth is, his ideas make us think. They make us contemplate our beliefs and our mentality. 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Mount Everest And The Sherpa s - 1359 Words

The Mount Everest and The Sherpa’s Many have dreamed of ascending it, but few have reached the top. Located in the Maha longer mountain range on the border of Nepal and Tibet. The British first surveyed Mount Everest in 1856; however, the first successful ascent wasn t until 1953 by New Zeeland s Sir Edmund Hillary and Nepal s Tenzing Norgay. Originally known as Peak 15, it was name Everest in 1865 after good surveyor Sir George. Everest is also known as Como LAN GMA means goddess mother of snow in Tibet and Sagarmatha meaning mother of the universe in Nepal. Mount Everest is officially the world tallest mountain with a peak of 29000 29 ft. Above sea level. It s bigger than 21 Empire State Building stacked on top of each other. Everest is so high; the top reaches into the earth s Stratosphere and crazily enough. It s only getting taller shifting tectonic plates cause ever to rise about one-third of an inch per year. 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Governance And Enterprise Restructuring Of Macedonia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2654 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract: This paper is a case study of the Republic of Macedonia (Southeast Europe), which focuses on examining governance and enterprise restructuring. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Governance And Enterprise Restructuring Of Macedonia" essay for you Create order Governance and enterprise restructuring is already defined indicator in EBRDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s studies and transition reports, measuring the effective corporate governance and corporate control exercised through domestic financial institutions and markets, fostering market-driven restructuring. As of the beginning of the transition process, governance and enterprise restructuring remains in the center, as essential pillar, that moves forward the society towards developed market economy. The data used in this article are analyzed with an econometric regression model, which as employed in this study examines the interrelationships between governance and enterprise restructuring and set of policies that influence the governance patterns. JEL Classifications: G30, G32, G38; L33; O11; P31 Keywords: governance, corporate governance, management strategy, transition, Southeast Europe, Macedonia Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Prof. Nicola Bellini for the continuous support, as well as, the PhD Program in Management and MAIN Lab of Scuola Superiore SantAnna, Pisa, Italy Introduction The research in this paper is to be focused on examining governance and enterprise restructuring in Southeast Europe economies and in particular a case study of the Republic of Macedonia. EBRD has governance and enterprise restructuring as basic indicator of economic transition and defines it as effective corporate governance and corporate control exercised through domestic financial institutions and markets, fostering market-driven restructuring. The corporate governance is most often defined in terms of the roles, responsibilities, and interactions of top management and the board of directors. Using data of South-East Europe i.e. case study of Macedonia, will be examined the interrelationships between governance and enterprise restructuring and set of policies that influence the governance patterns. Literature Review There are several contemporary theories that set the foundations of governance and enterprise restructuring within a framework important for this research. The institutional setting is of essence when governance and enterprise restructuring is analyzed in transition economies. Further, the literature on corporate governance is extensive and is linked to important theories, of which the agency theory is fundamentally predominant. The established agency theory highlights the function of corporate governance in the overall enterprise restructuring, ensuring that the firm protects the interests of shareholders in a given institutional context . Thus, the institutional setting has impact on the outcome of companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance through the very nature of countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ownership structure and policies undertaken to shape the governance system. When companies are analyzed, it is important to state the presence of different agency conflicts between shareholders and management in a given ownership structure of each country. Hence, different countries have divergent governance systems leading to variations in the nat ure of the agency problems, where according to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"law and economicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ viewpoint, legal systems craft institutional specificities . The literature further proposes that different national governance systems are also influenced by cultural and historical features in addition to their specific legal system . The links between agency theory and institutional theory explain that divergences in national institutions may have significant impact on the effectiveness of governance at the firm level . The law and economics approach (e.g., ) puts the focus on the fact that the ability to enforce financial contracts and thus increase the effectiveness of governance depends on institutional characteristics . Further, it is stated that in order to complete the frame already set by the agency theory it is necessary to merge it with institutional theory . There are two principal strings of institutional theory fitted to the analysis: a) the first, origins in political science and b) the second is derived from organizational theory . The political science approach focuses on the setup where political and economic institutions create incentives for managers and the way the outcomes are shaped. On the other hand, the organizational theory approach is concerned with the adjusting function of organizations while creating the institutional environment. In this regard, Aggarwal and Goodell argue that national corporate governance differences between countries used in their study are determined by legal, cultural, and other national characteristics . 1. Corporate Strategies in transition economy environment As countries undergo serious system transformations the managers are faced with complex decision-making environment , and thus it is closely regarded that the performance of large enterprises should be linked to managerial flexibility in making strategic decisions within the context of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s governance. Furthermore, there arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t many sources that can point towards emerging corporate governance mechanisms in South-East Europe, although prior research suggests that independent managers and board of directors (corporate governance) may be an important necessity for managerial ability to undertake performance-enhancing strategies . Before restructuring, the revenues were generated by monopolistic structure through a handful of specialized state-owned companies. As the reforms progressed towards free market economy in environment with sluggish internal demand, adopting better strategies may be closely linked to better financial performance of the fir m . Moreover, we can see that previous research has linked strategies with performance , and governance directly with performance , and consequently in this research we will make an essay to implement the governance and enterprise restructuring EBRD indicator as measure against set of policies. Economic reforms introduced in Southeast Europe aimed at increasing enterprise efficiency and making their products internationally competitive and thus reforms were tied with structural crisis . The pre-reform environment that was characterized by import protection and export promotion through monopolistic, state-owned foreign trade companies which in many terms crippled the enterprises to meet overseas threats and as a result made the internationalization of their work very difficult. As liberalization of the market forces and privatization progressed they were meant to eliminate the constraints imposed on managers by state ownership and command economy system . In the case of the Southeast Europe, companies were privatized using range of methods . Thus, the privatization process resulted with diverse range of ownership structures and governance mechanisms . The corporate governance affects enterprises restructuring and financial performance . Indeed, when firms from transition economies are involved in international activities, they are likely to develop their capabilities . As a consequence of the peculiar characteristics of the capital markets in South-East Europe i.e. lack of well developed capital markets, limited portfolio diversification and liquidity, it is often stated that large shareholders could wish to utilize potential upside of a particular business strategy, but they are frequently restrained and affected adversely by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idiosyncratic risk . Due to this phenomenon they chose to impose sub-optimal strategies on managers. Moreover, large shareholders in transition countries where the protection of minority investors is low, most often endeavor to take advantage of their power and grasp à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“private benefits of controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"expropriationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can be found in a range of forms, such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"related party transactions, use of transfer pricing, assets stripping and other forms of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“tunnellingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of revenue and assets from firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . Therefore, in such economies high ownership concentration was investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ response to low levels of protection of minority shareholders in emerging markets . Even though we analyze and focus specifically on Macedonia, variations in governance regimes indicate sufficient international analyses of governance and enterprise restructuring in the specific group of economies that undergo serious difficulties in transformation. Corporate governance and enterprise restructuring in Macedonia 1. Institutional and legal framework The institutional framework is essential in the development of the governance and enterprise restructuring process. There institutions that carry of the process are the Securities Commission and the Macedonian Stock Exchange and are aided by the Central Securities Depository . The legal framework is comprised of sets of laws and regulations including the first 1996 Company Law its enactment of 2004, as well as, the Securities Law, the Law on Takeovers, the Bankruptcy Law, and the Macedonian Stock Exchangeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate governance code and listing rules . 2. Overall assessment of corporate governance characteristics Macedoniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate governance model is consistently built since the beginning of transition to modern market economy. Thus, it complies with the notion that each country shapes its particular way of governance due to its own history, culture, and legal and regulatory framework . The main characteristics of the Macedonian corporate governance model are : Gradual concentration of ownership which is reflected through policies leading to dispersed ownership structure of companies to become concentrated over time in a more regular manner. As 2007 IFC Corporate Governance Manual for Macedonian Companies indicates around 300,000 individuals become shareholders in the first phase of the privatization process. Later the process reinforced itself and eventually resulted with 255,000 in 2004 and 105,000 in August 2007 individuals as shareholders. This was result due imposed regulatory reform (Company Law, 1996) and also the development of the capital market urging for voluntary decisions of shareholders to sell their shares on the Macedonian Stock Exchange, characterized with constant default on minority shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and investor protection during this period. However, with creation of the Central Securities Depository (state authority for securities registration), the quality of the process had improved. Company shareholders as company employees and vice-versa, describes the phenomenon of the dual role and mutual interaction of these two categories as most of the employees are at the same time shareholders in the company. Thus, there is conflict in the rights and the duties as these two roles, which in essence oppose themselves and exclude each other. Indeed, this characteristic is problem of many transition economies and needs time to be resolved, while is still producing mixed outcomes. As a consequence of the previous two, there is the third main characteristic of the Macedonian economy in light of governance and enterprise restructuring i.e. lack of separation of companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ownership from companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s control. This practice, despite the introduced regulation, is still lagging, hence the unfortunate problem where majority-vote shareholders who most often hold companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ top positions, trigger overwhelming influence over comprehensive daily work of the enterprise. Further, this reduces and prevents the control systemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ vigilance and reporting to and from shareholders and investors. The forth important feature derived from the previous, is the inadequate oversight of managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work. This is due the fact that members of the supervisory board are individuals with lack of experience directly appointed by the controlling majority shareholders or in submission to the very persons that they are supposed to control. Research hypotheses Two basic hypotheses to test governance and enterprise restructuring: 1st Hypothesis: Governance and enterprise restructuring depend on set of policies : large-scale privatization, small-scale privatization, price liberalization, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange system, banking reform and interest rate liberalization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions and overall infrastructure reform; and , 2nd Hypothesis: Governance and enterprise restructuring is significant and improves over time due to imposed policies. Sample selection and Data It this paper it is used the same econometric model as in the first article. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Transition Report series have the latest information on the countries that are classified in transition. The data that this prominent organization offers are based on wide network of sources that they obtain from national and international authorities . EBRD tracks reforms and assesses the overall process of transition using set of transition indicators, which are formed in comparison to the standards of industrialized market economies. Further, the data sample is mainly drawn from the extended research and data bases of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Transition Report publication series. Consequently, the data used in this research are taken from their index structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"economic statistics and forecastsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . The scale used in shaping the transition indicators ranges from 1 to 4+, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"where 1 represents little or no change from a rigid centrally planned economy and 4+ represents the standards of an industrialized market economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ . There are detailed numbers for the countries in transition analyzing the period of 1989 to 2009 in different areas. These indicators are sorted by sector and country and are analyzing nine arias: large scale privatization, small scale privatization, governance and enterprise restructuring, price liberalization, trade and foreign exchange system, competition policy, banking reform and interest rate lib eralization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions, and overall infrastructure reform .   Model and Econometrics The econometric model that is used in this study is a regression model where we have estimated the fallowing equation : (1) (2) Thus, applied to our research this model has the fallowing shape: (3) where the dependent variable, . shows governance and enterprise restructuring; the independent variables, are as follows : large-scale privatization; small-scale privatization; price liberalization; competition policy; trade and foreign exchange system; banking reform and interest rate liberalization; securities markets and non-bank financial institutions; overall infrastructure reform;   is a  p-dimensional  parameter vector ;   is the  error term or  noise. Results and Effects The first hypothesis is that governance and enterprise restructuring depend on set of policies: large-scale privatization, small-scale privatization, price liberalization, competition policy, trade and foreign exchange system, banking reform and interest rate liberalization, securities markets and non-bank financial institutions and overall infrastructure reform. The transition theory explains well the effects of privatization, restructuring, competition, budget constraints, policies of governance and management . The country results of the OLS regression for Macedonia (Figure 2) show that there are good results on correlation and dependence of governance and enterprise restructuring to large-scale privatization. However, the coefficients are negative pointing towards possible lag of governance mostly because of country specific dispersed ownership and agency conflicts as analyzed before (CG Manuel-IFC, 2007). The variable explaining trade and foreign exchange system and its relation to GOV behaves with mixed outcome depending on the model. Further, the price liberalization variable shows good results and there is good evidence and correlation between countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s governance, as well as, positive impact on GOV. The banking reform of the system and the interest rate liberalization demonstrated good results in contribution to the governance and enterprise restructuring. In this analysis the overall infrastructure reform has given important input in improving the overall economic governance, but the negative sign suggests some concern, as the disinvestment in infrastructure is constant lag in transition countries. On the other hand, governance and enterprise restructuring have strong relation to the small-scale privatization; competition policy and securities markets and non-bank financial institutions. In the case of these variables, the models have shown evidence i.e. p 0.001(and p 0.05). Figure I. Results of OLS on Macedonia The second hypothesis is that the variable governance and enterprise restructuring is significant and improves over time due to imposed policies. In the analysis (Figure 1) the results confirm this hypothesis with some mixed outcomes i.e. sluggishly improves over time. In fact, the close relation with number of these policies shows the significant impact of these policies to the way the governance and enterprise restructuring was imposed, positively or negatively. Thus, there is significant correlation to SSP, CP, BRIRL and SMNBFI, presenting outcomes to how each of these variables impacts GOV. Nonetheless, over time most of the variables improved and it is clear that there is relationship between them moving upwards. Further in Figure 2 we can see the movements of governance and enterprise restructuring over time. Also, in this case the analyzed variable moved alongside the increase of the other variables and towards positive upward climb. Figure 3 indicates that even though there is positive movement up, governance and enterprise restructuring is still at the bottom of estimated policiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ progress. Figure I. Macedoniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Governance and Enterprise Restructuring Figure I. Indicatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Dynamics Discussion On the first assumption that governance and enterprise restructuring depend on imposed set of policies, the analysis showed that there are mixed outcomes. There are positive and negative influences that eventually bring satisfactory picture for the overall governance and enterprise restructuring. On the other hand, due to analysis of the second assumption it is clear that as the transition process progressed along with the imposed reforms and there is a positive inclination of governance and enterprise restructuring. However, there is still more to be done in order to bring these economies closer to the standards of developed ones. Indeed, it is needed considerable improvement of corporate governance, institution-building to control agency problems and imposing already adopted regulation, as well as, enforcing new enterprise restructuring policies, within existing policies of overall transition economy restructuring.

The Atomic Bombing Of Japan - 2375 Words

Introduction: The research question of this essay is â€Å"To what extent was the atomic bombing of Japan at the end of the Second World War Justified? In 1945, the United States authorized the dropping of the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The first bomb, dropped on August 6th 1945, had a total casualty rate of 135,000, including non-combatant civilians, and as this, the atomic bombing of Japan at the end of the Second World War has indeed been a hugely discussed topic within academic and social circles until today. There have been historians, academics, and other influential individuals throughout the world who have argued on both sides of the spectrum regarding the effects of the bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and whether they were necessary and justified towards the ending of the conflict. According to the Center For Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), by 1944, it had become clear to both the United States and the Empire of Japan that Japan was inde ed losing the war, and as this, there are many arguments and counterarguments regarding the effectiveness of the atomic bombing of Japan, as well as suggestions regarding alternatives due to the enormous human toll the bomb caused. As thus, this research question is thus extremely worthy of investigation because there have been extensive historical debates into the significance of the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan, and since 1945, numerous studies have been conducted in order toShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bombing Of Japan1228 Words   |  5 Pagesnation in world’s history to subject many human beings to the atomic bombs purposely. That fact is well known to many people, but too little Americans think that the atomic bombing of Japan by the U.S. in August of 1945 in such cautious terms. Before the bombings occurred, there was a debate which was limited to the few top officials who knew of the secret of â€Å"tube alloys† and secret â€Å"S-1†. Once there was an announcement of the bombings, those who were amongst the war, overall accepted these actsRead MoreThe Atomic Bombings Of Japan1029 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most argued topics in all of history is the atomic bombings of Japan in August of 1945. Many argued that we should have done exactly as we did, they would argue it was the only way to get Japan to surrender and to not lose any more American lives. Others believe that it was very unethical in dropping the atomic bombs. The director of Nuclear Studies Institute at American University in Washington D.C, Peter Kuznick, was against the whole idea, stating that â€Å"Truman knew he was beginningRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many peopleRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesdropping of the atomic bomb was used to save American lives; the most common excuse as to why President Harry Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. In Major Problems in the History of World War II it has been discussed in the chapter The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II that former President Truman recalled how he learned about the atomic bomb project as well as the public opinion on the Atomic Bomb. I believe that the solution that Truma n gave when dropping the Atomic Bomb shouldRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United States still remain controversial today and the UnitedRead MoreA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words   |  6 Pages On August 6, 1945 the course of history was changed. Two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. 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Likewise, President Truman as the duty as president and Commander in Chief to protectRead MoreMoral Dilemma in History: The Atom Bomb708 Words   |  3 PagesOn August 6, 1945, the B-27 superfortress, the Enola Gay, dropped the first atomic weapon on Hiroshima. Two days l ater, the B-29 bomber, the Bockscar, dropped the second and final atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered days later on September 2nd, 1945. Since the days of the bombings, there has been much debate about whether use of the the atomic bombs was even necessary to end the war. Even President Truman and Secretary of War Henry Stimson grappled with its necessity even after they authorizedRead MoreThe Worldly Struggles Of The Sun Shines Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagessituation, were quite common in Japan. Since the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Korean and Japanese people have been struggling to recover, both mentally and physically. In this paper, I will discuss the issue with nuclear weapons by explaining the events in history leading to the Atomic bombings, the victims’ struggle to recover from the bombings, and the action people are taking from the bombings in today’s society. The tension between the United State and Japan have? been around sinceRead MoreHiroshima, Japan, And Japan1352 Words   |  6 PagesHiroshima, Japan and Nagasaki, Japan Leader of Japan: Hideki Tojo, Minister of war Leader of United States: General Douglas MacArthur Hiroshima Hiroshima is a city located in Honshu, Japan. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in the world to be struck by an atomic bomb. (Hiroshima, britannica.com) From 1868 it was a military center, and was a target for the atomic bombing by U.S. during World War II. Nagasaki Nagasaki is a city located in Kyushu, Japan. Before

The Education Of National Education - 1607 Words

EDUCATION Now let us talk about the education systems used in Turkey for its citizens. Every person in Turkey accepts the right to education, which is free just like here in the U.S. Now as we continue to speak about grades from kindergarten to the end of high school. Their exception is in licensed and foreign institutions like going to school abroad. They too have 12 years of education for boys and girls, which can be divided into 4+4+4 years of schooling. The Ministry of national education is responsible for coming up the curricula, coordinating the work of official and private organizations. Not to different when compared to the United States of America. All educational expenses of the public, about ten percent of the general budget is allocated for national education by the central government. I know I keep on comparing Turkey to the U.S, and I do this so you can see how both nations compare and to give you a better understanding of it when you can relate to it. The school calendar general ly begins just like us, September and goes through mid June. School has five-day sessions with total hours to not exceed forty hours. Turkey has winter breaks for school between Januarys through February. Universities commonly organize the academic year into two semesters, usually between October through January and between February through March and June through July. Pre-primary education gains an option for kids between the ages three to five years of age who are under the age ofShow MoreRelatedThe National Policy On Education Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Policy on Education (NPE) that was adopted by Parliament in May 1986 and Programme of Action (POA), 1986, as updated in 1992, are perhaps the last government policy statements on higher education and which have guided actions since the mid-1980s. 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Positive Accounting Theory Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Positive Accounting Theory Analysis. Answer: Introduction The paper majors on the analysis and critique of the theoretical approach currently stressed in the accounting literature as seen in the article. The theoretical concept presented for analysis is the positive accounting theory (PAT). PAT is based on the theoretical understanding of Ross Watts and Jerold Zimmerman studies published in the 1978 and 1979. This paper, therefore, critiques the possible research methods complications and critiques the philosophy of science issues as applied in the article (Watts and Zimmerman 2010). There are some claims concerning methodology used in the article which has no single influence on accounting research. This paper provides a critical analysis and evaluation of these purported failures through examination of two distinct types of critiques; economically based reviews and various studies involving issues of the philosophy of science. The paper summarizes the content of the article and various aspects of positive accounting theory. It will also critically analyze the whole article including the theoretical framework used in analyzing the theory, limitations of the article and its significance. Moreover, it will analyze how the author of the article explores the literature and methodology to explain the theory of positive accounting (Deegan 2013). The critiques discussed in the content of this paper are inclusive of those presented by Watts and Zimmerman. It also deals with other responses as well as other numerous reviews that were not inclusively examined by either Watts or Zimmerman. It further captures those responses that were not published until after the study by Watts and Zimmerman (1990). Positive accounting theory according to various sources, is revealed as an applied economic positivism (Warfield, Wild and Wild 2005). Looking back into the historical and economic initial sources of positive accounting research, it is clear that the article shows the positivity of the aspect of the Watts and Zimmerman approach rhetorically than the methodology used in the current study. The author has argued that positive accounting theory does represent a problem shift towards a domain of research that is suitable for various economic and accounting schools. The article also aimed at reviewing published critiques of positive accounting theory based on the philosophy of science which has been revealed not to be much effective literature. To achieve economic-based critiques that emphasize on the limitations, a promising path for methodological critiques of positive accounting theory must be developed according to Watts and Zimmerman (2008) study. General findings The author of the article suggests that the research should not be direct, but must employ various social aspects rather than theoretical aspects which require justifications. The main idea discussed in the article is the examination of two concepts that is ontology and the epistemology, and how these concepts are resultants of a positive research. The author argues that in the current world, there are no better accounting practices to help with the development of positive accounting research programs (Scott 2007). It is also evident that the article aimed at suggesting various practices that are suitable for a proper accounting research. For example, a well-developed theoretical model, the creation of better measurement procedures and methods with the appropriate channeling of fundamental research requirements and frameworks. The study revealed several issues as outcomes of the conducted survey as seen in the research findings. Among the findings was the discovery of the vast gap between the application of the positive accounting research in real life and various factors which should be made available for perfect formation of an active intellectual program. The study also came to a finding that is suitable to curb the situation of the existing gap (Healy 2013). The study found out that the appropriate solution is to modify the system. The article also perceive the research as a cultural activity and not scientific in nature which can only be validated by a group of individuals involved in the research program. The article discovers that there are valid hypotheses available for researchers to build their studies. The article speculates that there is an independent work in the cultural world which research should exploit. The accountant researchers should use intellectual observation while conducting research. It is also evident from the research that, application of the human behavior can result in rational practices in the field of accounting including positive accounting research. Contributions The article suggests various ways which can be put into practice to ensure that positive accounting research is achieved to boost the accounting practices. The argument by the author helps various individuals, more particularly writers to develop a more critical positive attitude towards different approaches. Such approaches will be useful in sustaining positive accounting research in the field of accounting. The author has identified such aspects as measurements and quantitative models as well as the use of a mathematical model as essentials in ensuring that positive research achieves its full potential. The article also mounts pressure on various relevant parties involved in accounting and investigation field to adapt accounting models which are suitable and can be justified with concrete evidence. Research Question/ hypotheses What is required for the development of a successful positive accounting research program? The above question is the primary focus of the article even though it is not well derived from the literature review. It is important since all the issues discussed by the author in the article revolve around it as the primary concern. The research question summarizes all the objectives that the article is intended to achieve. The research hypothesis as seen in the article is the pathway through which the author follows to achieve the various aims of the article. Even though the question is not that clear from the literature review, the objectives flow from the beginning to the end of the article thereby enabling the author to achieve the intention of developing the requirements for a positive accounting research models and program. Through the research hypothesis, various models have been suggested to achieve the purpose of the article. The research question is not well tested since the author does not believe in thesis tests as currently constituted (Christenson 2013). The above question has helped in the development of accounting research models and the creation of models that are vulnerable to testing and finally creation of a more mathematical and quantitative method as part of the standards. The hypothesis is important and justifies most of the issues addressed in the literature review. Theoretical Framework The theoretical frame of the article covers various theories as seen in the article. The study explores systematic study as the methodology. There are also some interrelated concepts developed and captured within the content of the article. The theoretical framework used in the study follows a sequence where the author started by reviewing various theories used by other authors such as Watts and Zimmerman in the year 1978, 1986 and finally in the year 1990 whose main discussion focused on positive accounting theory. The article proceeded further with the discussion on various scientific factors such as the ontology and the epistemological theories to support cultural perspective in research. To come up with the justification of investigation as a cultural aspect, the author performed various surveys. The author also conducted research on various philosophies to justify the concept of science and culture in accounting research. The article also employs the use of different aspects such falsification and hypothesis analysis where elements such as proper criterion have been applied together with both quantitative and qualitative aspects being involved. The theoretical perspective of the article is revolving around the justification of research as being philosophically scientific as well as a cultural (Watts and Zimmerman 2008). The Significance and Limitations of the Article Significance of the Article The article is significant in various ways which motivate other authors towards the development of a positive accounting research. The article focuses on the elaboration of the more mathematical and quantitative analysis which can be justified through the application of measurement. This aspect of the discussion encourages other authors towards the development of proper research concerning accounting (Collin et.al 2009). The article is relevant because of the suggested vulnerable models. The author of the article has positively exploited the findings through measurement rather than the test. The author has positively utilized various previous studies to achieve the intended purpose of the research. Through the application of these previous studies, the upcoming authors will have the basis for analyzing other authors work and how they can be incorporated into a current research to meet the objectives of a given research work. Limitations of the article Though the article proves to be significant to some extent, there are several models of research which should be considered as revealed in the report. The authors ideas are regarded as having limitations regarding the content flow in comparison to the new articles. The author of the article applies critiques of the application hypothesis testing and methodology (Basu 2007). The author states that test to some extents as being used in the theory of positive accounting, is only probable incompatible to null hypothesis (Baiman 2010). Another limitation of positive accounting theory is seen through the application of hypothesis test. This kind of testing has been used in positive accounting theory for several times. It is, however, considered to be weak, therefore, a call to action for a better way or alternative development to curb this kind of drawback in the accounting research. The theory is viewed to be providing weak evidence through hypothetical testing which most of the time cannot be justified. The author also supports claims made by various scholars involved in the accounting sector. The author explains that the possible research testing provides information which is not accurate and falls short of how a study should be undertaken. This limitation, therefore, restrict the positivity of the article (Sweeney 2004). The author of the article is not able to justify various claims against the use of positive accounting as a result of the different limitations created by the hypothesis test. This reflects in the findings where most of the results obtained through the application of actual accounting research are considered invalid. Therefore, most of the conclusions from the article cannot be viewed to be authentic. Since the findings cannot be justified, the contributions of the article can also be assumed to be invalid and should be deeply considered before putting them into practice. Conclusions The above critique has reviewed various aspects discussed in the article. It analyzed the aims and goals of the article about different requirement speculated to be useful in the development of a positive accounting research. The paper has discussed the limitation of the article about the positive accounting theory. The paper has dealt with the achievement of the research hypothesis and how it has led to the attainment of the primary objective of the article. The aim of this paper was, therefore, to help various authors and parties involved in research to develop appropriate skills required to achieve sufficient positive accounting research. Another purpose of this article is to justify how the author of the article created the theoretical models and data collection methods required to be used by various accounting laws and strategies. Accountants, authors, and specialists are needed to develop theoretical models appropriate for data collections. The implication of this critique is to help various editors and referees with the development of necessary skills required to achieve a positive accounting research potential. This paper is also to assist with the identification of various alternatives to replace the hypothetical test with appropriate measurement model. Another implication of the paper is the mounted pressure on many accountants and authors to adopt create and adopt new theoretical models and complete data collection methods to exploit best methods of collecting data. This discussion, therefore, suggests the application of quantitative and measurement as the best models for a real research method. References Baiman, S., 2010. Agency research in managerial accounting: A second look. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 15(4), pp.341-371. Basu, S., 2007. The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings 1. Journal of accounting and economics, 24(1), pp.3-37. Christenson, C., 2013. The methodology of positive accounting. Accounting Review, pp.1-22. Collin, S.O.Y., Tagesson, T., Andersson, A., Cato, J. and Hansson, K., 2009. Explaining the choice of accounting standards in municipal corporations: Positive accounting theory and institutional theory as competitive or concurrent theories. Critical perspectives on Accounting, 20(2), pp.141-174. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Healy, P.M., 2013. The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of accounting and economics, 7(1), pp.85-107. Scott, W.R., 2007. Financial accounting theory (Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Sweeney, A.P., 2004. Debt-covenant violations and managers' accounting responses. Journal of accounting and Economics, 17(3), pp.281-308. Warfield, T.D., Wild, J.J. and Wild, K.L., 2005. Managerial ownership, accounting choices, and informativeness of earnings. Journal of accounting and economics, 20(1), pp.61-91. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2008. Towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards. Accounting review, pp.112-134. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2008. Towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards. Accounting review, pp.112-134. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2010. Positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective. Accounting review, pp.131-156.

Chinese Education System free essay sample

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